Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Nanophase and Nanostructured Materials pp 72–101Cite as

Sol-gel Processing

  • Reference work entry

Introduction

Apart from the colloidal chemistry routes discussed in Chapter 1 to Chapter 3, the sol-gel technique has been extensively used for the manufacturing of nanophased materials for the last three decades (Pathak, et al., 1997, Lessing, 1989, Anderton, et al., 1979). Among the physical and chemical methods devised for preparation of nanoscaled materials, synthesis from atomic or molecular precursors such as the sol-gel route can give better control of particle size and homogeneity in particle distribution.

The sol-gel processing, which is based on inorganic polymerization reactions, can loosely be defined as the preparation of inorganic oxides such as glasses and ceramics by wet chemical methods (Brinker, et al., 1988; Hench, et al., 1990). The goals of sol-gel processing in general are to control the composition homogeneity and the nanostructure during the earliest stages of productions. By controlling the chemical additives and processing, the products with nanostructured...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aellon, A. A. Loebel, F. Eirich. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 72 5702 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahrenkiel R. K., T. J. Coburn. IEEE Trans. Magn.. 11 1103 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderton D. J., F. R. Sale. Powder Metallurgy. 22(1), 8 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armelao L., G. Depaoli, A. Sandon, and E. Tondello. Mater. Sci. Forum. 195, 55 (1995a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armelao L., G. Granozzi, E. Tondello, P. Colombo, G. Principi, P. P. Lottici, and G. Antonioli. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 193, 435 (1995b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artaki I., T. Zerda, and J. Jones. J. Mater. Sci. Lett.. 3 493 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker W. T., J. G. Lindsay. Ceram. Bull.. 46(11), 1094 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bansal, N. P.. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 73 2647 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco E., R. Litran., M. Ramirez-del-Solar, N. de la Rosa-Fox., L. Esquivias. J. Mater. Res.. 9 2873 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. C., R. C. Mehrotra, and D. P. Gaur. Metal Alkoxides. Academic Press, New York. (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bratton, R. J.. Ceram. Bull.. 48(8), 759 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinker, C. J., G. W. Scherer. Mater. Res. Soc. Short Course on Sol-Gel Processing of Glass, (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker C. J., G. W. Scherer. sol-gel Science. Academic Press, New York. (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker, C. J., K. D. Keefer., D. W. Schaefer. and C. S. Ashley. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 48 47 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caulton, K. G., L. G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf. Chem. Rev.. 90 969 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, F. X., Z. Y. Peng, C. S. Liao, Z. G. Xu, S. Gao, and C. H. Yan, Solid State Commun., 107 471 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, F. X., Z. Y. Peng, Z. G. Xu, C. S. Liao, and C. H. Yan. Thin Solid Films, 339 109 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choy, J. H., Y. S. Han, J. T. Kim, and Y. H. Kim. J. Mater. Chem.. 5(1), 57 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colby, M. W., A. Osaka, and J. D. MacKenzie. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 82 37 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De G. A. Licciulli, C. Massaro, L. Tapfer, M. Catalano, G. Battaglin, G. Meneghini, P. Mazzoldi. J. Non-Cryst., Solids. 194 225 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Debsikdar, J. C.. Adv. Ceram. Mater.. 1 93 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, S. K., K. D. Budd, D. A. Payne. Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 35(1), 80 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, X. Z., X. H. Liu, Y. Z. He. J. Mater. Sci. Lett.. 15 1392 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dire S., R. Compostrini, R. Ceccato. Chem. Mater.. 10 269 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dislich H., P. Hinz. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 48 11 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, R. K.. J. Mater. Sci. Lett.. 5 373 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elelman, M.. Ann. Chimie Phys.. 16 129 (1846)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elelman, M.. C. R. Acad. Sci.. 25 854 (1847)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G. J., Z. L. Liu, Z. C. Zhang, Y. F. Hu, I. A. Ashur, and K. L. Yao. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 156 15 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujihara S., C. Mochizuki, T. Kimura. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 244 267 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, T.. J. Chem. Soc.. 17 318 (1864)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmi, M. and Carturan, G. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 100 16 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gushiken Y., J. C. Moreira. J. Colloidal Interface Sci.. 107 70 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hench, L. L., J. K. West. Chem. Rev.. 90 33 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himmel B.T., H. Gerber, H. Burger. J. Non-cryst. Solids. 91 122 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrubesh, L. W., J. F. Poco, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 188 46 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. H., G. L. Wilkes. Polymer Bulletin. 18 455 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. H., G. L. Wilkes, J. G. Carlson. Polymer. 30 2001 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hüsing H., F. Schwertfeger, W. Tappert, U. Schubert. J. Non-cryst. Solids. 186 37 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iler, R. K.. In Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing, p. 3. L. L. Hench, and D. R. Ulrich, Eds., Willey, New York, (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iler, R. K.. The Chemistry of Silica. Wiley, New York, (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa A., K. Tanahashi, M. Futamoto. J. Appl. Phys.. 79(9), 7080 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi T., J. Jura, N. Taneda, H. Hishikura, Y. Kokubu, J. Non-cryst. Solids. 82 50 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamuura Y., A. Inoue, T. Masumoto. Jpn, J. App. Phys.. 35, L828 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L. C.. Annu. Rev. Mater, Sci.. 23 437 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn J., F. Schwertfeger, M. C. Arduini-Schuster, J. Fricke, U. Schubert, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 186 184 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal O., D. L. Anderson, R. G. Bowman, F. Basolo. R. L. Burwell. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 97 5125 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. H., H. S. Kim, J. Y. Lee, C. H. Yo, K. H. Kim. Solid State Commun.. 96(7), 445 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. G., J. Y. Park, C. S. Kim. J. Mater. Sci.. 33, 3965 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lessing, P. A.. Ceramics Bulletin, 68 112 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levene, L. I. M. Thomas. US Pat. 3,640,093 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Licciulli, A. G. De, P. Mazzoldi, M. Catalano, L. Mirenghi, Tapfer. Mater. Sci. Forum. 203 59 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lone, L. W., P. A. Lessing. J. Mater. Res.. 7(2), 502, 511 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, S. K., J. T. Lue. Solid State Commun.. 97, 979 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, J. D., In Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing, p. 113 (L. L. Hench, and D. R. Ulrich, Eds., Wiley, New York) (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, J. W. D., W. L. Peeters, H. M. Van Noort, M. Erman. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 46 411 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G. L., R. Roy, J. M. McKay. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 54 637 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra, R. C.. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym. Proc.. 121 81 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melpolder, S. M., B. Coltrain, In: Better Ceramics through Chemistry III, (ed. C. J. Brinker, D. E. Clark, D. R. Ulrich, Pittsburgh, Mater. Res. Soc.) 811 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merkle, R., H. Bertagnolli. J. Mater. Sci.. 33 4341 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezza P., J. Phalippou, R. Sempere. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 243 75 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minti H., M. Eyal, R. Reisfeld, Chem. Phys. Lett.. 183 277 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, S. P.. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 42 477 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nassar, E. J., C. R. Neri, P. S. Calefi, O. A. Serra. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 247 124 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogami M., K. Nagasaka, K. Kotani. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 122 101 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, I. H., S. A. Hong, Y. K. Sun. J. Mater. Sci.. 32 3177 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orcel G., L. L. Hench, I. Artaki, J. Jones, T. W. Zerda. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 105 223 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orcel G., L. L. Hench., J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 79 177 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orcel, G.. The Chemistry of Silica sol-gel (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville) (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, A. S. D. Kulkarni, S. K. Date, P. Pramanik. Nanostruct. Mater. 8(1), 101 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pechini, M. P., U. S. Patent. No.3330697, (July 11 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, S. S., C. J. Brinker, A. J. Hurd. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 190 264 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prassas M., L. L. Hench. In: Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramic, Glass and Composites, p. 100 (L. L. Hench, and D. R. Ulrich, Eds., Wiley, New York) (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravichandran, D., R. Meyer Jr. R. Roy, G. Guo, A. S. Bhalla, L. E. Cross. Mater. Res. Bull.. 31(77), 817 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Righini, G. C., A. Verciani, S. Pelli, M. Guglielmi, A. Martucci, J. Fick, G. Vitrant. Pure Appl. Opt.. 5 655 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rillings, K. W., J. E. Roberts. Thermochim. Acta. 10 285 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, D. M., R. Roy. Am. Mineral., 39 957 (1954)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R.. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 39 145 (1956)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R.. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 52 344 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rywak, A. A., J. M. Burlitch. Chem. Mater., 8 60 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakka, S., K. Kamiya. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 42 403 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez, R. D., J. Rivas, C. Vázquez-Vázquez, A. López-Quintela, M. T. Causa, M. Tovar, S. Oseroff. Appl. Phys. Lett.. 68(1), 134 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato T., T. Iijima, M. Seki, N. Inagaki. J. Magn. Magn. Mater.. 65 252 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, G. W.. J. Non-Crys. Solids. 87 199 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, G. W.. J. Non-Crys. Solids, 89 217 (1987)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H., A. Kaiser. Glastechn. Ber.. 54 338 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, U.. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.. 3343 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwertfeger F., W. Glaubitt, U. Schubert. J. Non-cryst. Solids. 145 5 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seriven, L. E.. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym. Proc.. 121 717 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, R. W., H. Hahn. In: Current Trends in the Physics of Materials (ed. M. Yussouff, World Science, Singapore) (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stober W., A. Fink, E. Bohn. J. Colloid Interface Sci.. 26 62 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki K., T. Namikawa, T. Yamazaki. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.. 27 361 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanahashi I., T. Tohda. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 79 796 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vlack, L. H.. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering (5th ed). Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnier O., N. Hovnanian, A. Larbot, P. Bergez, L. Cot, J. Charpin. Mater. Res. Bullet. 29(5), 4779 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vest, R. W., J. Xu. IEEE Transactions. 374 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranken, K. C., P. Van der Voort, K. Possemiers, E. F. Vansant. J. Colloid Interface Sci.. 174 86 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. W., D. Li, L. D. Lu, X. Wang. J. Alloys and Compounds. 237 45 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, J. Y., G. L. Wilkes. Chem. Mater.. 8 1667 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. J. R.. Real Time Monitoring of Silica Gel Drying Behavior. Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Ultrastructure Processings of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites (Tucson, AZ) (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, C. H., F. X. Cheng, Z. Y. Peng, Z. G. Xu, C. S. Liao. J. Appl. Phys. 84 5703 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, C. H., F. X. Cheng, C. S. Liao, J. F. Kuang, Z. G. Xu, L. Y. Chen, H. B. Zhao, Z. Liu, Y. J. Wang, T. Zhu, G. He. J. Magn. Magn. Mater.. 192 396 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeatman, E. M., M. Green, E. J. C. Dawnay, M. A. Fardad, F. Horowitz. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.. 2 711 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas, B. E.. ibid. 65(8), 387 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas, B. E.. J. Mater. Sci.. 21, 1080, 1087 (1986)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas, B. E.. J. Mater. Sci.. 4 1843 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Y. F., S. Heng, T. I. Mah, E. E. Hermes. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 121 111 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zayat, M., D. Einot, R. Reisfeld. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Tech.. 10 67 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S. C., G. L. Messing, W. Huebner, M. M. Coleman. J. Mater. Res.. 5(9), 1806 (1990)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Zhong Lin Wang

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Yi Liu

  3. Institute of Physics, BeijingLaboratory of Electron Microscopy, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China

    Ze Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers/Plenum Publishers

About this entry

Cite this entry

(2003). Sol-gel Processing. In: Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z. (eds) Handbook of Nanophase and Nanostructured Materials. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23814-X_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23814-X_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47249-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-23814-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation