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Coastal Issues

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Book cover Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States

Part of the book series: NCA Regional Input Reports ((NCARIR))

Abstract

People are drawn to the coast for its moderate climate, scenic beauty, cultural and ecological richness, rural expanses, abundant recreational opportunities, vibrant economic activity, and diverse urban communities.’ More than 70% of California residents live and work in coastal counties (U.S. Census Bureau n.d.). Over the last thirty-eight years, the California coastal county population has grown 64%, from about 16.8 million in 1970 to 27.6 million in 2008 (NOEP 2012). Almost 86% of California’s total gross domestic product comes from coastal counties (NOEP 2010).

Chapter citation: Caldwell, M. R., E. H. Hartge, L. C. Ewing, G. Griggs, R. P. Kelly, S. C. Moser, S. G. Newkirk, R. A. Smyth, and C. B. Woodson. 2013. “Coastal Issues.” In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment, edited by G. Garfin, A. Jardine, R. Merideth, M. Black, and S. LeRoy, 168–196. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington, DC: Island Press.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford Law School, USA

    Margaret R. Caldwell

  2. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, USA

    Eric H. Hartge, Ryan P. Kelly & C. Brock Woodson

  3. California Coastal Commission, USA

    Lesley C. Ewing

  4. University of California, Santa Cruz, USA

    Gary Griggs

  5. Susanne Moser Research and Consulting, Stanford University, USA

    Susanne C. Moser

  6. The Nature Conservancy, California, USA

    Sarah G. Newkirk

  7. NOAA, Coastal Services Center, USA

    Rebecca A. Smyth

  8. NOAA, USA

    Rebecca Lunde

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  1. Margaret R. Caldwell
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, N. Park Ave Ste. 532 845, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Gregg Garfin

  2. University of Arizona, USA

    Angela Jardine , Robert Merideth , Mary Black  & Sarah LeRoy , ,  & 

Appendices

Appendix

See following page.

Table A9.1 selected Resources in support of coastal Adaptation
Full size table

Endnotes

  1. i

    The term “coast” refers to the open coast and estuaries.

  2. ii

    There is no direct link between land ownership and reliance upon shoreline armoring. Public ownership does not guarantee a natural shoreline, and since much of the public backshore may be used for public infrastructure such as roads or parking lots, armoring might also be present. Conversely, private ownership does not necessarily mean there will be development or that coastal armoring will be present. In general however, areas of open space or with low-intensity development are most likely to experience natural shoreline dynamics without human interference.

  3. iii

    In NRC (2010), see in particular Section 3 and pp. 117–119, which list different coastal adaptation options.

  4. iv

    Examples of ecosystem-based approaches along the California shoreline include managed retreat (or realignment) projects at Pacifica State Beach and the Surfers Point project at Ventura Beach, both of which improved recreation and habitat values while reducing long-term costs and exposure to risks. Additional case studies illustrating both climate change risks and the efforts made to date toward adapting to them can be found in the state’s 2009 Climate Adaptation Strategy, in the Pacific Council on International Policy’s 2010 advisory report for the state, in Chapter 18 of this report, and in case studies cited throughout this chapter.

  5. v

    Of the 162 survey responses, which represented 14 coastal counties and 45 coastal municipalities, only 10% had not begun looking at climate change impacts at all, 40% were in the early stage of understanding the potential impacts of climate change and their local vulnerabilities, 41% had entered the more advanced stage of planning for those impacts, and another 9% were implementing one or more identified adaptation options. More detailed survey results have shown that communities are still early in their respective processes, but a clear increase in engagement has been confirmed by several other studies (Hanak and Moreno 2011; Moser 2009; Tang 2009; Cruce 2009).

  6. vi

    See the extensive literature review in Ekstrom, Moser, and Torn (2011) and Moser and Ekstrom (2010).

  7. vii

    Based on reportings from the ports; see http://www.portoflosangeles.org/maritime/growth.asp; http://logisticscareers.lbcc.edu/portoflb.htm; http://www.portofoakland.com/maritime/facts_comm_02.asp.Chapter 10

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Caldwell, M.R. et al. (2013). Coastal Issues. In: Garfin, G., Jardine, A., Merideth, R., Black, M., LeRoy, S. (eds) Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States. NCA Regional Input Reports. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-484-0_9

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