Abstract
As discussed in chapter 1, revisiting our conservation goals and actions in light of climate change does not mean that we must discard what we have learned about critical conservation tools and strategies. We do, however, need to explicitly consider future climate change as we make conservation investments. Although climate change will not always be the most urgent problem facing biodiversity conservation, it will increasingly constitute a lens through which we must examine our actions. By anticipating the direct and indirect consequences of different scenarios of climate change for the particular species, ecosystems, and natural processes we aim to protect—and then determining appropriate and necessary conservation actions in light of those changes—we increase the likelihood of making informed decisions about both near- and long-term threats that will improve our ability to achieve conservation success.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Glick, P., A. Staudt, and B. Stein. 2009. “A New Era for Conservation: Review of Climate Change Adaptation Literature.” National Wildlife Federation report.
Heller, N. E. and E. S. Zavaleta. 2009. “Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Change: A Review of 22 Years of Recommendations.” Biological Conservation 142:14–32.
Groves, C. R. 2003. Drafting a Conservation Blueprint: A Practitioner’s Guide to Planning for Biodiversity. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Wilson, K. A., J. Carwardine, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. “Setting Conservation Priorities.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 1162:237–64.
IPCC-WG2 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Working Group 2). 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Morgan, G., H. Dowlatabadi, M. Henrion, D. Keith, R. Lempert, S. McBride, M. Small, and T. Wilbanks. 2009. Best Practice Approaches for Characterizing, Communicating, and Incorporating Scientific Uncertainty in Decisionmaking. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.2. Washington, DC: NOAA.
Peterson, A. T. 2003. “Projected Climate Change Effects on Rocky Mountain and Great Plains Birds: Generalities of Biodiversity Consequences.” Global Change Biology 9:647–55.
Mahmoud, M., Y. Liu, H. Hartmann, S. Stewart, T. Wagener, D. Semmens, R. Stewart, et al. 2009. “A Formal Framework for Scenario Development in Support of Environmental Decision-making.” Environmental Modelling and Software 24:798–808.
Willows, R. I. and R. K. Connell. 2003. “Climate Adaptation: Risk, Uncertainty and Decision-making.” UKCIP Technical Report. Oxford: United Kingdom Climate Impacts Program.
Ohlson, D.W., G.A. McKinnon, and K. G. Hirsch. 2005. “A Structured Decision-making Approach to Climate Change Adaptation in the Forest Sector.” Forestry Chronicle 81:97–103.
Peterson, G., G. A. De Leo, J. J. Hellmann, M. A. Janssen, A. Kinzig, J. R. Malcolm, K. L. O’Brien, et al. 1997. “Uncertainty, Climate Change, and Adaptive Management.” Conservation Ecology 1:4.
IPCC-WG1 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Working Group 1). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. New York: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC-SRES (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Special Report on Emission Scenarios). 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the IPCC. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moss, R. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, M. R. Manning, S. K. Rose, D. P. van Vuuren, T. R. Carter, S. Emori, M. Kainuma, T. Krums, et al. 2010. “The Next Generation of Scenarios for Climate Change Research and Assessment.” Nature 463:747–56.
Hansen, L. J. and J. R. Hoffman. 2011. Climate Savvy: Adapting Conservation and Resource Management to a Changing World. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Wiens, J. A. and D. Bachelet. 2010. “Matching the Multiple Scales of Conservation with the Multiple Scales of Climate Change.” Conservation Biology 24:51–62.
Daly, C., J. I. Smith, and R. McKane. 2007. “High-resolution Spatial Modeling of Daily Weather Elements for a Catchment in the Oregon Cascade Mountains, United States.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46:1565–86.
Hayhoe, K., B. Jones, and J. Gross. 2011. “Peering into the Future: Climate and Ecological Models.” In Scanning the Conservation Horizon: A Guide to Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, P. Glick, B. A. Stein, and N. A. Edelson, eds. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation.
USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2011. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives: Shared Science for a Sustainable Future. www.fws.gov/science/shc/pdf/LCC_Fact_Sheet.pdf (accessed January 11, 2012).
USDOI (United States Department of Interior). 2010. Climate Change. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.doi.gov/whatwedo/climate/index.cfm (accessed January 11, 2012).
Noss, R. F. 1983. “A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity.” BioScience 33:700–706.
Glick, P., B. A. Stein, and N. A. Edelson. 2011. Scanning the conservation horizon: A guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. Washington: National Wildlife Federation. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_glick_p001.pdf.
Dawson, T. P., S. T. Jackson, J. I. House, I. C. Prentice, and G. M. Mace. 2011. “Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate.” Science 332:53–58.
Millar, C. I., N. L. Stephenson, and S. L. Stephens. 2007. “Climate Change and Forests of the Future: Managing in the Face of Uncertainty.” Ecological Applications 17:2145–51.
Holling, C. S. 1973. “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:1–23.
Gunderson, L. H. 2000. “Resilience in Theory and Practice.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:425–39.
Hare, F. K. 1980. “The Planetary Environment: Fragile or Sturdy?” Geographical Journal 146:379–95.
Galatowitsch, S., L. Frelich, and L. Phillips-Mao. 2009. “Regional Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation in a Midcontinental Region of North America.” Biological Conservation 142:2012–22.
Hansen, M., R. DeFries, J. R. Townshend, M. Carroll, C. Dimiceli, and R. Sohlberg. 2003. “Vegetation Continuous Fields MOD44B.” 2001 Percent Tree Cover, Collection 3. College Park: University of Maryland. glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/vcf/ (accessed January 10, 2012).
Poiani, K. A., R. L. Goldman, J. Hobson, J. M. Hoekstra, and K. S. Nelson. 2011. “Redesigning Biodiversity Conservation Projects for Climate Change: Examples from the Field.” Biological Conservation 20:185–201.
Hobbs, R. J., E. Higgs, and J. A. Harris. 2009. “Novel Ecosystems: Implications for Conservation and Restoration.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24:599–605.
Shaw, M. R., E. S. Zavaleta, N. R. Chiariello, E. E. Cleland, H. A. Mooney, and C. B. Field. 2002. “Grassland Responses to Global Environmental Changes Suppressed by Elevated CO2 .” Science 298:1987–90.
Parmesan, C. 2006. “Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:637–69.
Pearson, R. G. and T. P. Dawson. 2003. “Predicting the Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Species: Are Bioclimate Envelope Models Useful?” Global Ecology and Biogeography 12:361–71.
Cramer, W., A. Bondeau, F. I. Woodward, I. C. Prentice, R. A. Betts, V. Brovkin, and P. M. Cox, et al. 2001. “Global Response of Terrestrial Ecosystem Structure and Function to CO2 and Climate Change: Results from Six Dynamic Global Vegetation Models.” Global Change Biology 7:357–73.
Field, J. C., R. C. Francis, and K. Aydin. 2006. “Top-down Modeling and Bottom-up Dynamics: Linking a Fisheries-based Ecosystem Model with Climate Hypotheses in the Northern California Current.” Progress in Oceanography 68:238–70.
Gray, S. T. and G. J. McCabe 2010. “A Combined Water Balance and Tree Ring Approach to Understanding the Potential Hydrologic Effects of Climate Change in the Central Rocky Mountain Region.” Water Resources Research 46:W05513.
Park, R., M. Trehan, P. Mausel, and R. Howe. 1989. “The Effects of Sea Level Rise on US Coastal Wetlands.” In The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. Appendix B-Sea Level Rise, J. Smith, and D. Tirpak, eds, Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Chuine, I. and E. Beaubien. 2001. “Phenology Is a Major Determinant of Tree Species Range.” Ecology Letters 4:500–510.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. “Climate Change, Coral Bleaching and the Future of the World’s Coral Reefs.”Marine and Freshwater Research 50:839–66.
Logan, J. A. and J. A. Powell 2001. “Ghost Forests, Global Warming, and the Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).” American Entomologist 43:160–72.
McKenzie, D., Z. Gedalof, D. L. Peterson, and P. Mote. 2004. “Climatic Change, Wildfire, and Conservation.” Conservation Biology 18:890–902.
Schrag, A. M. 2011. “Addendum: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies.” In Ocean of Grass: A Conservation Assessment for the Northern Great Plains, S. C. Forrest, H. Strand, W.H. Haskins, C. Freese, J. Proctor, and E. Dinerstein, eds. Bozeman, MT: Northern Plains Conservation Network and Northern Great Plains Ecoregion, World Wildlife Fund-US.
Williams, J. E., A. L. Haak, H. M. Neville, and W. T. Colyer. 2009. “Potential Consequences of Climate Change to Persistence of Cutthroat Trout Populations.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29:533–48.
Bradley, B. A., L. D. Estés, D. G. Hole, S. Holness, M. Oppenheimer, W. R. Turner, H. Beukes, R. E. Schulze, M. A. Tadross, and D. S. Wilcove. 2012. “Predicting how adapation to climate change could affect ecological conservation: secondary impacts of shifting agricultural suitability.” Diversity and Distributions. Early view online.
Liebezeit, J. R., S. J. Kendall, S. Brown, C. B. Johnson, P. Martin, T. L. McDonald, C. L. Payer, et. al. 2009. “Influence of Human Development and Predators on Nest Survival of Tundra Birds, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska.” Ecological Applications 19:628–44.
Lovejoy, T. E. and L. J. Hannah, eds. 2005. Climate Change and Biodiversity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hannah, L., G. Midgley, S. Andelman, M. Araujo, G. Hughes, E. Martinez-Meyer, R. Pearson, and P. Williams. 2007. “Protected Area Needs in a Changing Climate.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:131–38.
Carroll, C., J. R. Dunk, and A. Moilanen. 2010. “Optimizing Resiliency of Reserve Networks to Climate Change: Multispecies Conservation Planning in the Pacific Northwest, USA.” Global Change Biology 16:891–904.
Ashcroft, M. B. 2010. “Identifying Refugia from Climate Change.” Journal of Biogeography 37:1407–13.
Gonzalez, P., R. P. Neilson, J. M. Lenihan, and R. J. Drapek. 2010. “Global Patterns in the Vulnerability of Ecosystems to Vegetation Shifts Due to Climate Change.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 19:755–68.
Moore, J., S. Antenen, G. Davaa, C Ferree, D. Batbold, M. DePhilip, C. Pague, Y. Onon, D. Sanjmyatav, and R. McCready. 2010. Biodiversity Gap Analysis of the Grasslands and Forest Steppe of Central and Eastern Mongolia: Setting the Stage for Establishment of an Ecologically Representative Protected Areas Network for Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: The Nature Conservancy.
Beier, P. and B. Brost. 2010. “Use of Land Facets to Plan for Climate Change: Conserving the Arena, Not the Actors.” Conservation Biology 24:701–10.
Anderson, M. G. and C. E. Ferree. 2010. “Conserving the Stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity.” PLoS ONE 5:e11554.
Adger, W. N., N. W. Arnell, and E. L. Tompkins. 2005. “Successful Adaptation to Climate Change across Scales.” Global Environmental Change 15:77–86.
Smit, B. and J. Wandel. 2006. “Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability.” Global Environmental Change 16:282–92.
Lawler, J. J. and J. Hepinstall-Cymerman. 2010. “Conservation Planning in a Changing Climate: Assessing the Impacts of Potential Range Shifts on a Reserve Network.” In Landscape-scale Conservation Planning, S. C. Trombulak and R. F. Baldwin, eds. New York: Springer, 325–48.
USAID (United States Aid for International Development). 2007. Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A Guidance Manual for Development Planning. Washington, DC: USAID.
Maina, J., T. R. McClanahan, V. Venus, M. Ateweberhan, and J. Madin. 2011. “Global Gradients of Coral Exposure to Environmental Stresses and Implications for Local Management.” PLoS ONE 6:e23064.
Seimon, A. and G. Picton Phillipps. 2011. “Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift.” In Long-term Changes in Africa’s Rift Valley, A. J. Plumptre, ed. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 9–30.
Ford, D. 2011. “Expanding South Nahanni National Park, Northwest Territories, Canada, to Include and Manage Some Remarkable Sub-arctic Karst Terrains.” In Karst Management., Philip E. van Beynen, ed. New York: Springer, 415–37.
Hansen, L., J. Hoffman, C. Drew, and E. Mielbrecht. 2010. “Designing Climate-smart Conservation: Guidance and Case Studies.” Conservation Biology 24:63–69.
West, J. M., S. H. Julius, P. Kareiva, C. Enquist, J. J. Lawler, B. Petersen, A. E. Johnson, and M. R. Shaw. 2009. “U.S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation.” Environmental Management 44:1001–21.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Island Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cross, M.S., Schrag, A.M., Girvetz, E.H., Enquist, C.A.F. (2012). Landscape and Seascape Climate Change Planning and Action. In: Hilty, J.A., Chester, C.C., Cross, M.S. (eds) Climate and Conservation. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_2
Publisher Name: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Print ISBN: 978-1-59726-219-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-61091-203-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)