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Experimental Protocols for the Study of Stress in Animals and Humans

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Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

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Abstract

The term “stress” has several meanings; in behavioral research it is used in the sense of “a physical, chemical, or emotional factor (as trauma, histamine, or fear) to which an individual fails to make a satisfactory adaptation” or “the state or condition of strain (Webster’s dictionary, 1971).” Selye used “stress” to indicate the response of an organism to a “stressor” and made a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive responses (Selye, 1950, Selye, 1974). Emotional stimuli such as novelty, withholding of reward, and anticipation of punishment (rather than punishment itself) are the most frequent stressors and among the most efficacious activators of the neuroendocrine systems that play a role in stress responses (Mason, 1968, Mason, 1975). A more comprehensive definition of stress given by (1987) is a condition when expectations, whether genetically programmed or established by a prior learning, do not match the current or anticipated perceptions of internal or external environment. This discrepancy causes a complex range of adaptive responses, whose pattern is dependent upon the type and duration of the provoking event (Chrousos, 1998; Pacak & Palkovits, 2001).

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  1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Carla Gambarana

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  1. Carla Gambarana
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  1. Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, and The Gonda Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

    Shlomo Yehuda PhD

  2. Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA

    David I. Mostofsky PhD

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Gambarana, C. (2006). Experimental Protocols for the Study of Stress in Animals and Humans. In: Yehuda, S., Mostofsky, D.I. (eds) Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-952-4:021

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