Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal loss for which the exact immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression are unknown. In the last two decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the most important laboratory diagnostic and monitoring tool in MS (1). Moreover, MRI is 5 to 10 times more sensitive than clinical data in the assessment of disease activity (2). The sensitivity of T2-weighted images (T2-WI) in detection of MS lesions, together with the ability of gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced T1-WI to reflect increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability associated with active inflammatory activity, allows the demonstration of spatial and temporal dissemination of MS lesions earlier than is possible from clinical assessments. Therefore, in the last decade, metrics derived from conventional MRI have been widely employed in therapeutic clinical trials (3–6). Several conventional MRI protocols, in conjunction with clinical assessment, are now routinely used to detect therapeutic effects and extend clinical observations (7).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
McFarland HF, Frank JA, Albert PS, et al. Using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1992;32:758–766.
Thompson AJ, Miller D, Youl B, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis of varying disease duration. Neurology 1992;42:60–63.
The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon-β-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1277–1285.
Simon JH, Jacobs LD, Campion M, et al. Magnetic resonance studies of intramuscular interferon β-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998;43:79–87.
Li DKB, Paty DW, the UBC MS/MRI Analysis Research Group and the PRISMS Study Group. Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1b in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999;46:197–206.
Miller DH, Molyneaux PD, Barker GJ, et al. and the European Study Group on interferon β-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999;46:850–859.
Molyenux PD, Miller DH. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques to monitor phase III treatment trials. In: Filippi M, Arnold DL, Comi G, eds. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp. 49–72.
van Walderveen MA, Kamphorst W, Scheltens P, et al. Histopathologic correlate of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted spin echo MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998;50:1282–1288.
Filippi M, Campi A, Dousset V, et al. A magnetization transfer imaging study of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1995;45:478–482.
Lucchinetti CF, Bruck W, Rodriguez M, Lasmman H. Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 1996;6:259–274.
Miller DH, Grossman RI, Reingold SC, McFarland HF. The role of magnetic resonance techniques in understanding and managing multiple sclerosis. Brain 1998;121:3–24.
Filippi M, Rovaris M, Comi G. Introduction. In: Filippi M, Comi G, eds. New Frontiers of MR-Based Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2003, pp. 1–3.
Markovic-Plese S, McFarland HF. Immunopathogenesis of the multiple sclerosis lesion. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2001;1:257–262.
Fu L, Matthews PM, De Stefano N, et al. Imaging axonal damage of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1998;121:103–113.
van Wasberghe JHTM, Kamphorst W, De Groot JA, et al. Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis lesions: magnetic resonance imaging insight into substrates of disability. Ann Neurol 1999;46:747–754.
Miller DH, Barkhof F, Frank JA, Parker GJM, Thompson AJ. Measurement of atrophy in multiple sclerosis: pathological basis, methodological aspects and clinical relevance. Brain 2002;125:1676–1695.
Fisher E, Rudick RA, Simon JH, et al. Eight-year follow-up study of brain atrophy in patients with MS. Neurology 2002;59:1412–1420.
Filippi M, Grossman RI. MRI techniques to monitor MS evolution. The present and the future. Neurology 2002;58:1147–1153.
Arnold DL, Matthews PM. MRI in the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis, Neurology 2002;58(Suppl 4):S23–S31.
Filippi M, Mastronardo G, Bastianello S, et al. A longitudinal brain MRI study comparing the sensitivities of the conventional and a newer approach for detecting active lesions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1998;59:94–101.
Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Ader HJ, et al. Guidelines for using quantitative measures of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998;43:499–506.
Miller DH, Albert PS, Barkhof F, et al. Guidelines for the use of magnetic resonance techniques in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996;39:6–16.
Rovaris M, Rocca MA, Yousry I, et al. Lesion load quantification on fast-FLAIR, rapid acquisition relaxation-enhanced, and gradient spin echo brain MRI scans from multiple sclerosis patients. Mag Res Imaging 1999;17:105–110.
Bastianello S, Bozzao A, Paolillo A, et al. Fast spin-echo and fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences versus conventional spin-echo for MRI quantification of multiple sclerosis lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:699–704.
Bakshi R, Ariyaratana S, Benedict RHB, Jacobs L. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging detects cortical and juxtacortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Arch Neurol 2001;58:742–748.
Gawne-Cain ML, O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Moseley IF, Miller DH. Multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the brain: a comparison of fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and conventional T2-weighted dual spin echo. Neurology 1997;49:364–370.
Campi A, Pontesilli S, Gerevini S, Scotti G. Comparison of MRI pulse sequences for investigation of lesions of the cervical spinal cord. Neuroradiology 2000;42:669–675.
Gass A, Moseley IF, Barker GJ, et al. Lesion discrimination in optic neuritis using high-resolution fat-suppressed fast spin-echo MRI. Neuroradiology 1996;38:317–321.
Smith ME, Stone LA, Albert PS, et al. Clinical worsening in multiple sclerosis is associated with increased frequency and area of gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Ann Neurol 1993;33:480–489.
Simon JH. From enhancing lesions to brain atrophy in relapsing MS. J Neuroimmunol 1999;98:7–15.
Molyenux PD, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al. Correlations between monthly enhanced MRI lesion rate and changes in T2 lesion volume in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998;43:332–329.
Kappos L, Moeri D, Radue EW, et al. Predictive value of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for relapse rate and changes in disability or impairment in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 1999;353:964–969.
Molyneux PD, Tofts PS, Fletcher A, et al. Precisions and reliability for measurement of change in MRI lesion volume in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of two computer-assisted techniques. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:42–47.
Filippi M, Rocca MA, Rizzo G, et al. A multi-centre longitudinal study comparing the sensitivity of monthly MRI after standard and triple dose gadolinium DTPA for monitoring disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Implications for phase II clinical trials. Brain 1998;21:2011–2020.
Filippi M. Enhanced magnetic resonance in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2000;6:320–326.
Wolansky LJ, Bardini JA, Cook SD, et al. Triple-dose versus single-dose gadoteridol in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimaging 1994;4:141–145.
Silver NC, Good CD, Barker GJ, et al. Sensitivity of contrast enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis. Effects of gadolinium dose magnetization transfer contrast and delayed imaging. Brain 1997;120:1149–1161.
Miller DH, Rudge P, Johnson G, et al. Serial gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1988;111:927–939.
Morgen K, Jeffries NO, Stone R, et al. Ring-enhancement in multiple sclerosis: marker of disease severity. Mult Scler 2001;7:167–171.
He J, Grossman RI, Ge Y, Mannon LJ. Enhancing patterns in multiple sclerosis: evolution and persistence. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:664–669.
Rovira A, Alonso J, Cucurella G, et al. Evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and magnetization-transfer MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1939–1945.
Guttman CR, Ahn SS, Hsu L, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA. The evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial MR. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1481–1491.
Petrella JR, Grossman RI, McGowan JC, Campbell G, Cohen JA. Multiple sclerosis lesions: relationship between MR enhancement pattern and magnetization transfer effect. Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:1041–1049.
Roychowdhury S, Maldijian JA, Grossman RI. Multiple sclerosis: comparison of trace apparent diffusion coefficients with MR enhancement pattern of lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:869–874.
Leist TP, Gobbibi MI, Frank JA, McFarland HF. Enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions and cerebral atrophy in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2001;58:57–60.
van Wasberghe JH, van Walderveen MA, Castelijns JA, et al. Patterns of lesion development in multiple sclerosis: longitudinal observations with T1-weighted spin-echo and magnetization transfer MR. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:675–683.
Pretorius PM, Quaghebeur G. The role of MRI in diagnosis of MS. Clin Radiol 2003;58:434–448.
O’Connor P on behalf of the Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group. Key issues in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. An overview. Neurology 2002;59(Suppl 3):1–33.
Murthy SNK, Faden HA, Cohen ME, Bakshi R. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics 2002;110(e21-1):1–7.
McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001;50:121–127.
Kidd D, Thorpe JW, Thompson AJ, et al. Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1993;43:2632–2637.
Tartaglino LM, Friedman DP, Flanders AE, et al. Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology 1995;195:725–732.
Loseff NA, Webb SL, O’Riordan JI, et al. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis. A new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression. Brain 1996;119:701–708.
Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Moseley IF, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996;46:373–378.
Kidd D, Thorpe JW, Kendall BE, et al. MRI dynamics of brain and spinal cord in progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:15–19.
Yousry TA, Fesl G, Walther E, Voltz R, Filippi M. Triple dose of gadolinium-DTPA increases the sensitivity of spinal cord MRI in detecting enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1998;158:221–225.
Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Moseley IF, et al. Spinal MRI in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis and negative brain MRI. Brain 1996;119:709–714.
O’Riordan JI, Losseff NA, Phatouros C, et al. Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions in clinically isolated optic nerve, brain stem, and spinal cord syndromes suggestive of demyelination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:353–357.
Trop I, Bourgouin PM, Lapierre Y, et al. Multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord: diagnosis and follow-up with contrast-enhanced MR and correlation with clinical activity. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1025–1033.
Lycklama a Nijeholt GJ, Barkhof F, et al. MR of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: relation to clinical subtype and disability. Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1041–1048.
Bakshi R, Kinkel PR, Mechtler LL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 cases of myelitis: comparison between patients with and without multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 1998;5:35–48.
Bakshi R, Glass J, Louis DN, Hochberg FH. Magnetic resonance imaging features of solitary inflammatory brain masses. J Neuroimaging 1998;8:8–14.
Wingerchuck DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica. Clinical predictors of a relapsing course and survival. Neurology 2003;60:848–853.
Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology 2002;59:499–505.
Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983;12:227–231.
Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT. Neurology. 1988;38:180–185.
Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988;38:1822–1825.
Barkhof F, Filippi M, Miller DH, et al. Comparison of MR imaging criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite MS. Brain 1997;120:2059–2069.
Tintoré M, Rovira A, Martinez M, et al. Isolated demyelinating syndromes: comparison of different imaging criteria to predict conversion to clinically definite MS. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:702–706.
Brex PA, Miszkiel KA, O’Riordan JI, et al. Assessing the risk of early multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndromes: the role of a follow up MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:390–393.
Tintore M, Rovira A, Rio J, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: application in first demyelinating episode. Neurology 2003;60:27–30.
Giovannoni G, Bever CT Jr. Patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS: does MRI allow earlier diagnosis? Neurology 2003;60:6–7.
Dalton CM, Brex PA, Miszkiel KA, et al. Application of the new McDonald criteria to patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2002;52:47–53.
Dalton CM, Brex PA, Miszkiel KA, et al. New T2 lesions enable an earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in clinically isolated syndromes. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:673–676.
Barkhof F, Rocca M, Francis G, et al., and Early Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Validation of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis and response to interferon beta1a. Ann Neurol 2003;53:718–724.
Thompson AJ, Polman CH, Miller DH, et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 1997;12:1085–1096.
Wolinsky JS, PROMiSe Study Group. The diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2003;206:145–152.
Paolillo A, Pozzilli C, Gasperini C, et al. Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Relationship with black holes, disease duration and clinical disability. J Neurol Sci 2000;174:85–91.
Zivadinov R, Rudick RA, De Masi R, et al. Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;57:1239–1247.
Simon JH, Lull J, Jacobs LD, et al. A longitudinal study of T1 hypointense lesions in relapsing MS: MSCRG trial of interferon beta-1a. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology 2000;55:185–192.
Bitsch A, Kuhlmann T, Stadelmann C, et al. A longitudinal MRI study of histopathologically defined hypointense multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 2001;49:793–796.
Benedict RHB, Weinstock-Guttman B, Fishman I, Sharma J, Tjoa CW, Bakshi R. Prediction of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of conventional MRI measures of atrophy and lesion burden. Arch Neurol 2004;61:226–230.
Bermel RA, Sharma J, Tjoa CW, Puli SR, Bakshi R. A semiautomated measure of whole-brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2003:208;57–65.
Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:898–904.
Beck RW, Chandler DL, Cole SR, et al. Interferon beta-1a for early multiple sclerosis: CHAMPS trial subgroup analyses. Ann Neurol 2002;51:481–490.
Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al., and Early Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Study Group Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study. Lancet 2001;357:1576–1582.
Rovaris M, Filippi M. Interventions for the prevention of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: current status. CNS Drugs 2003;17:563–575.
Rudick RA, Fisher E, Lee JC, et al., and the Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 1999;53:1698–1704.
Zivadinov R, Sepcic J, Nasuelli D, et al. A longitudinal study of brain atrophy and cognitive disturbances in the early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:773–780.
Paolillo A, Pozzilli E, Giugni E, et al. A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with Interferon-beta. Eur J Neurol 2002;9:1–11.
Zivadinov R, Zorzon M. Is gadolinium enhancement predictive of the development of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis? A review of the literature. J Neuroimaging 2002;12:302–309.
Bakshi R, Benedict RHB, Bermel RA, Jacobs L. Regional brain atrophy is associated with physical disability in multiple sclerosis: semiquantitative MRI and relationship to clinical findings. J Neuroimaging 2001;11:129–136.
Zivadinov R, De Masi R, Nasuelli D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques and cognitive impairment in early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 2001;43:272–278.
Bakshi R, Czarnecki D, Shaikh ZA, et al. Brain MRI lesions and atrophy are related to depression in multiple sclerosis. NeuroReport 2000;11:1153–1158.
Janardhan V, Bakshi R. Quality of life and its relationship to brain lesions and atrophy on magnetic resonance images in 60 patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1485–1491.
Bakshi R, Dmochowski J, Shaikh ZA, Jacobs L. Gray matter T2 hypointensity is related to plaques and atrophy in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2001;185:19–26.
Bakshi R, Benedict RHB, Bermel RA, et al. T2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 2002;59:62–68.
Luks TL, Goodkin DE, Nelson SJ, et al. A longitudinal study of ventricular volume in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2000;6:322–327.
Chard DT, Griffin CM, Parker GJM, et al. Brain atrophy in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Brain 2002;125:327–337.
Brex PA, Jenkins R, Fox NC, et al. Detection of ventricular enlargement in patients at the earliest clinical stage of MS. Neurology 2000;54:1689–1691.
Brex PA, Leary SM, O’Riordan JI, et al. Measurement of spinal cord area in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:544–547.
Dalton CM, Brex PA, Jenkins R, et al. Progressive ventricular enlargement in patients with clinically isolated syndromes is associated with the early development of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2002;73:141–147.
van Buchem MA, McGowan JC, Kolson DL, Polansky M, Grossman RI. Quantitative volumetric magnetization transfer analysis in multiple sclerosis: estimation of macroscopic and microscopic disease burden. Magn Reson Med 1996;36:632–636.
Rovaris M, Filippi M. Magnetization transfer imaging. In: Filippi M, Comi G, eds. New Frontiers of MR-Based Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2003, pp. 11–32.
Iannucci G, Tortorella C, Rovaris M, et al. Prognostic value of MR and magnetization transfer imaging findings in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis at presentation. A J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1034–1038.
Filippi M, Inglese M, Rovaris M, et al. Magnetization transfer imaging to monitor the evolution of MS: a 1-year follow-up study. Neurology 2000;55:940–946.
Brex PA, Larry SM, Plant GT, et al. Magnetization transfer imaging in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:947–951.
Traboulsee A, Dehmeshki J, Brex PA, et al. Normal-appearing brain tissue MTR histograms in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS. Neurology 2002;59:126–128.
Gonen O, Grossman RI. Global brain proton spectroscopy in MS. In: Filippi M, Comi G, eds. New Frontiers of MR-Based Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2003, pp. 47–71.
Davie CA, Barker GJ, Webb S, et al. Persistent functional deficit in multiple sclerosis and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia is associated with axon loss. Brain 1995;118:1583–1592.
Fu L, Matthews PM, De Stefano N, et al. Imaging axonal damage of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1998;21:103–113.
Brex PA, Gomez-Anson B, Parker GJ, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999;166:16–22.
Rocca MA, Mezzapesa DM, Falini A, et al. Evidence for axonal pathology and adaptive cortical reorganization in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2003;18:847–855.
Filippi M, Bozzali M, Rovaris M, et al. Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2003;126:433–437.
Maldjian JA, Grossman RI. Future applications of DWI in MS. J Neurol Sci 2001;186(Suppl 1):55–57.
Fabiano AJ, Sharma J, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. Thalamic involvement in multiple sclerosis: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neuroimaging 2003;13:307–314.
Cercignani M, Ingle M, Pagani E, Comi G, Filippi M. Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy histograms in patients with multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:952–958.
Caramia F, Pantano P, Di Legge S, et al. A longitudinal study of MR diffusion changes in normal appearing white matter of patients with early multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2002;20:383–388.
Werring DJ, Bullmore ET, Toosy AT, et al. Recovery from optic neuritis is associated with a change in the distribution of cerebral response to visual stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:441–449.
Filippi M, Rocca MA, Falini A, et al. A functional MRI study of patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002;249(Suppl 1):I/20.
Pantano P, Iannetti GD, Caramia F, et al. Cortical motor reorganization after a single clinical attack of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2002;125:1607–1615.
Pantano P, Mainero C, Iannetti GD, et al. Contribution of corticospinal tract damage to cortical motor reorganization after a single clinical attack of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2002;17:1837–1843.
Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. New Engl J Med 2000;343:938–952.
Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR. Silent brain lesions in patients with isolated idiopathic optic neuritis. A clinical and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 1986;43:452–455.
Ormerod IE, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions. A quantitative study. Brain 1987;110:1579–1616.
Jacobs LD, Kaba SE, Miller CM, Priore RL, Brownscheidle CM. Correlation of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid findings in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 1997;41:392–398.
Optic Neuritis Study Group. The 5-year risk of MS after optic neuritis. Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Neurology 1997;49:1404–1413.
Morrisey SP, Miller DH, Kendall BE, et al. The significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study. Brain 1993;116:135–146.
Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Morrisey MD, et al. Quantitative brain MRI lesion load predicts the course of clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994;44:635–641.
O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DP, et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of demyelination. Brain 1998;121:495–503.
Sailer M, O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, et al. Quantitative MRI in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of demyelination. Neurology 1999;52:599–606.
Brex PA, Ciccarelli O, Jonathon I, et al. A longitudinal study of abnormalities on MRI and disability from multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2002;346:158–164.
Losseff NA, Miller DH, Kidd D, Thompson AJ. The predictive value of gadolinium enhancement for long-term disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis—preliminary results. Mult Scler 2001;7:23–25.
Losseff NA, Kingsley DP, McDonald WI, Miller DH, Thompson AJ. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging predictors of disability in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1996;1:218–222.
Koudriavtseva T, Thompson AJ, Fiorelli M, et al. Gadolinium enhanced MRI predicts clinical and MRI disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;62:285–287.
Simon JH. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the evaluation of treatment response and prediction of outcome in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997;7:29–37.
Giovannoni G, Lai M, Thorpe J, et al. Longitudinal study of soluble adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis: correlation with gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 1997;48:1557–1656.
Truyen L, van Waesberghe JH, van Walderveen MA, et al. Accumulation of hypointense lesions (“black holes”) on T1 spin-echo MRI correlates with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996;47:1469–1476.
Koziol JA, Wagner S, Sobel DF, et al. Predictive value of lesions for relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:284–291.
Wagner S, Adams H, Sobel DF, et al. New hypointense lesions on MRI in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Eur Neurol 2000;43:194–200.
Gasperini C, Pozzilli C, Bastianello S, et al. Interferon-beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: effect on hypointense lesion volume on T1 weighted images. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:579–584.
Bagnato F, Jeffries N, Richert ND, et al. Evolution of T1 black holes in patients with multiple sclerosis imaged monthly for 4 years. Brain 2003;126:1–8.
Santos AC, Narayanan S, de Stefano N, et al. Magnetization transfer can predict clinical evolution in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002;249:662–668.
Arnold DL, Riess GT, Matthews PM, et al. Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for monitoring disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:76–82.
De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Narayanan S, et al. Axonal dysfunction and disability in a relapse of multiple sclerosis: longitudinal study of a patient. Neurology 1997;49:1138–1141.
De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Fu L, et al. Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 1998;121:1469–1477.
Parry A, Corkill R, Blamire AM, et al. Beta-Interferon treatment does not always slow the progression of axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2003;250:171–178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zivadinov, R., Bakshi, R. (2005). Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis. In: Olek, M.J. (eds) Multiple Sclerosis. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-855-2:055
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-855-2:055
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-033-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-855-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)