Abstract
Excursion into swindles and other white-collar crimes perhaps takes us away from economic analysis of manis, panics, and the role of the lender of last resort. Nevertheless, it is inescapable. Commercial and financial crises are intimately bound up with transactions that overstep the confines of law and morality, shadowy though those confines be. The propensities to swindle and be swindled run parallel to the propensity to speculate during a boom. Crash and panic, with their motto of sauve qui peut, induce still more to cheat in order to save themselves. And the signal for panic is often the revelation of some swindle, theft, embezzlement, or fraud.
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Notes
5. The Emergence of Swindles
Hyman P. Minsky, “Financial Resources in a Fragile Financial Environment,” Challenge, vol. 18 (July/August 1975), p. 65.
Martin F. Hellwig, “A Model of Borrowing and Lending with Bankruptcy,” Princeton University Econometric Research Program, Research Memorandum no. 177 (April 1975), p. l.
See Norman C. Miller, The Great Salad Oil Swindle (New York: Coward, McCann, 1965).
Daniel Defoe, The Anatomy of Change-Alley (London: E. Smith, 1719), p. 8.
See also the title of Jean Carper’s book on fraud, Not with a Gun (New York: Grossman, 1973).
Jacob van Klavaren, “Die historische Erscheinungen der Korruption,” Viertelsjahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. 44 (December 1957), pp. 289–324; vol. 45 (December 1958), pp. 433–69, 469–504; vol. 46 (June 1959), pp. 204–31.
See also idem, “Fiskalismus—Mercantilismus—Korruption: Drei Aspecte der Finanz- und Wirtschaftspolitik während der Ancien Regime,” ibid., vol. 47 (September 1960), pp. 333–53.
E. Ray McCartney, The Crisis of 1873 (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1935), p. 15.
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962).
John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (London: Cresset, 1960), p. 13.
Maximillian E. Novak, Economics and the Fiction of Daniel Defoe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), p. 103.
Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 268.
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 222–24.
William G. Shepheard, Wall Street editor of Business Week, in preface to Donald H. Dunn, Ponzi, the Boston Swindler (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), p. X.
Milton Friedman, “In Defense of Destabilizing Speculation,” in The Optimum Qantity of Money and Other Essays (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), p. 290.
Quoted in Max Winkler, Foreign Bonds, an Autopsy: A Study of Defaults and Repudiations of Government Obligations (Philadelphia: Roland Swain, 1933), p. 103.
Michael C. Jensen and W. H. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 5 (1976), pp. 305–60.
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E. Victor Morgan, The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, 1797–1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943), p. 177.
Honoré de Balzac, Melmoth réconcilié (Geneva: Editions de Verbe, 1946), pp. 45–50.
Dunn, Ponzi, p. 188.
Introduction by Robert Tracey to Anthony Trollope, The Way We Live Now (1874–75; reprinted., New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), p. xxv.
Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1945), vol. 1, p. 229.
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George W. Van Vleck, The Panic of 1857: An Analytical Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), p. 65.
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Jacob van Klavaren, “Rue de Quincampoix und Exchange Alley: Die Spekulationsjähre 1719 und 1720 in Frankreich und England,” Viertelsjahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. 48 (October 1961), pp. 329ff.
Dunn, Ponzi, p. 247.
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William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), vol. 3, pp. 449ff.;
and D. Morier Evans, The Commercial Crisis, 1847–48, 2nd ed., rev. (1849; reprint ed., New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), pp. 33–34.
A separate list for the South Sea bubble, prepared by a contemporary and less detailed, is set out in Wirth, Handelskrisen, pp. 67–79.
A. Andreades, History of the Bank of England (London: P. S. King, 1909), p. 133.
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 142.
Scott, Joint-Stock Companies, p. 450.
Hans Rosenberg, Die Weltwirtschaftskrise von 1857–59 (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1934), p. 103.
Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 480.
Anthony Trollope, The Three Clerks (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1860), p. 346.
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 177.
Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977), p. 358.
Ibid., pp. 396–97.
U.S. Senate, Committee on Finance, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., Hearings on Sales of Foreign Bonds of Securities, held December 18, 1931, to February 10, 1932 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1932).
O. M. W. Sprague, History of Crises Under the National Banking System (1910; reprinted., New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), p. 341.
Quoted in Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 80.
Honoré de Balzac, La maison Nucingen, in Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1892), p. 68.
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 176, 181.
Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 491.
Emile Zola, L’argent (Paris: Livre de Poche, n.d.), p. 125.
Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 491.
Zola, L’argent, p. 161.
Jean Bouvier, Le krach de l’Union Générale (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1960), p. 36.
Economist, October 21, 1848, pp. 1186–88,
quoted in Arthur D. Gayer, W. W. Rostow, and Anna J. Schwartz, The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, 1790–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1953), p. 316.
Rosenberg, Weltwirtscha.ftskrise, p.101.
Stern, Gold and Iron, chap. 10 (“Greed and Intrigue”) and p. 364.
Novak, Economics of Defoe, pp. 14–15 and 160 n. 35.
Ibid., p. 16, note 50.
Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, Les banques européennes et l’industrialisation internationale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1964), pp. 632–33.
Ibid., p. 503, note 90.
Bouvier, Le krach, p. 124.
Ibid., p. 161, note 50.
Stern, Gold and Iron, chap. 11.
Theodore Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire consists of three novels: The Financier (1912), The Titan (1914), and The Stoic (1947).
See The Titan (New York: World, 1972), pp. 371–72.
Ibid., pp. 515–40.
Henry Grote Lewin, The Railway Mania and Its Aftermath, 1845–1852 (1936; reprinted., rev., New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), pp. 262, 357–64.
See Paul W. Gates, Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work (1934; reprint ed., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 66, 75–76;
John L. Weller, The New Haven Railroad: The Rise and Fall (New York: Hastings House, 1969), p. 37n;
Van Vleck, Panic of 1857, p. 58.
See Willard L. Thorp, Business Annals (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1926), p. 126.
Watson Washburn and Edmund S. Delong, High and Low Financiers: Some Notorious Swindlers and Their Abuses of Our Modern Stock Selling System (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932), p. 13.
Ibid., pp. 85, 101, 144, 309.
Barrie A. Wigmore, The Crash and Its Aftermath: A History of Security Markets in the United States, 1929–1933 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985), pp. 344–48.
Ibid., pp. 358–60.
Morgan Marietta, “The Historical Continuum of Financial Illusion,” The American Economist, vol. 40, no. 1 (Spring 1999), p. 79.
See Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost (New York: Farrar, Straus, Girqux, 1999);
Alfred Steinherr, Derivatives: The Wild Beast of Finance (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), chap. 3, (“Dramatic Events”);
Peter Kafka, “Rogues, Rubes and Rip-offs: A Year of Swindles,” Forbes Global, vol. 2, no. 12 (June 14, 1999), p. 101;
“Albanian Parties Trade Charges in Pyramid Scandal,” and “Behind the Swindles: Desperate People, Easily Duped,” New York Times, January 29, 1997, p. A3.
“The Deep Slush at Bankers Trust,” New York Times, May 30, 1999, Sec. 3, pp. 1, 11.
“Bennett Funding Executive in Guilty Plea,” New York Times, April 10, 1997, p. C13.
“First Jersey Securities to Settle Case for $100 Million,” New York Times, June 29, 1999, p. C6.
“Executive in Big Gold Scandal Faces Insider Trading Charges,” New York Times, May 14, 1999, p. C4.
“Daiwa Bond Trader Puts His Spin on Scandal,” New York Times, June 25, 1999, p. D6.
“Phantom Insurance Empire Was Built on a Trail of Aliases,” New York Times, June 25, 1999, p. A1;
and “One Man’s Ties Aided a Scheme to Bilk Insurers,” ibid., p. A1;
“Brokerage Firm Is Indicted in Fraud Case,” New York Times, May 9, 1999.
“Japanese Scandals Deepen as Central Banker Is Arrested,” New York Times, March 12, 1999, p. A1, and box: “Steady Drumbeat of Scandal,” ibid., p. A13.
See also “Scandal Erodes the Power of Japan’s Bastion of Fiscal Austerity,” New York Times, March 17, 1999.
“Baptist Ex-Leader Sentenced for Fraud,” The Boston Globe, June 19, 1999.
“A Washington Lawyer Faces S.E.C. Charges,” New York Times, June 9, 1999.
“Sumitomo Sues Banks over Copper Losses,” New York Times, June 4, 1999;
“Sumitomo Increases Size ofCopper-Trade Loss to $2.6 Billion,” New York Times, September 20, 1999, p. D3.
James S. Gibbons, The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857 (New York: D. Appleton, 1859), p. 104.
Ibid., p. 277.
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929, 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 133–35.
David F. Good, The Economic Rise of the Hapsburg Empire, 1750–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 165.
D. Morier Evans, Facts, Failures and Frauds (1839; reprinted., New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), p. 235.
See Robert Shaplen, Kreuger: Genius and Swindler (New York: Knopf, 1960).
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 225, 265–66.
Bouvier, Le krach, pp. 211, 219.
Herbert I. Bloom, The Economic Activities of the Jews of Amsterdam in the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Williamsport, Pa.: Bayard Press, 1937), p. 199.
Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 210.
Dreiser, The Titan, p. 237.
Christina Stead, House of All Nations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1938), p. 643.
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Kindleberger, C.P., Bernstein, P.L. (2000). The Emergence of Swindles. In: Manias, Panics and Crashes. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230536753_5
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