Abstract
On 15 July 1759, Bengt Ferrner was a long way from home. The Swedish astronomer was touring Europe and had just arrived in London. In his travel journal, he professed to being shocked and bewildered by the chaotic city life: the area around Leadenhall Street, where he arrived, was nothing like he had imagined the city. Ferrner — a man who repeatedly praised orderly and well-arranged structures in his journal — considered the streets crowded, intricate and hard to navigate. He likened the King’s Arms tavern, where he disembarked, to a den of thieves.1 Nonetheless, he would stay in Britain for over a year and soon took an interest in the city’s scientific communities as well as its theatre, music and industry.
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Notes
Bengt Ferrner, Resa i Europa. En astronom, industrispion och teaterhabitué genom Danmark, Tyskland, Holland, England, Frankrike och Italien 1758–1762 (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksell, 1956), p. 133.
Göran Rydén, ‘Viewing and Walking. Swedish Visitors to Eighteenth-Century London’, Journal of Urban History, 39 (2013), 255–74
On Ferrner’s interest in music, see Thomas Schönberg, ‘Bengt Ferrner’s Musical Tour in Europe. The Musical Scene of Mid 18th Century through the Eyes of a Swedish Music-Loving Astronomer’ (Thesis (DMA), University of Hartford, 1993)
Lars Berglund, ‘Travelling and the Formation of Taste. The European Journey of Bengt Ferrner and Jean Lefebure 1758–1763’, in Sweden in the Eighteenth-Century World. Provincial Cosmopolitans, ed. by Göran Rydén (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 95–122.
Simon Schaffer, ‘Natural Philosophy and Public Spectacle in the Eighteenth Century’, History of Science, 21 (1983), 1–43 (p. 9).
P. Fontes da Costa, ‘The Culture of Curiosity at The Royal Society in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 56 (2002), 147–66.
John Brewer, The Sinews of Power. War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), p. 175
Matt Schumann, ‘International Rivalry and State Identity in the Seven Years War’, in Statehood Before and Beyond Ethnicity. Minor States in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1600–2000, ed. by Linas Eriksonas and Leos Müller (Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 2005), pp. 159–78 (p. 165).
Richard Dunn and Rebekah Higgitt, Finding Longitude: How Ships, Clocks and Stars Helped Solve the Longitude Problem (Glasgow: Collins, 2014), pp. 39–44.
Axel Gabriel Silverstolpe, Tal öfver kansli-rådet Bengt Ferrner (Stockholm: Carl Delén, 1802), p. 18. All translations from Swedish sources are my own, unless otherwise noted.
On Swedish and European astronomy and ‘state utility’, see Sven Widmalm, Mellan kartan och verkligheten. Geodesi och kartläggning, 1695–1860 (Uppsala: Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, 1990), pp. 116–17.
Michael Roberts, The Age of Liberty. Sweden 1719–1772 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 17ff.
Sven Widmalm, ‘Instituting Science in Sweden’, in The Scientific Revolution in National Context, ed. by Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 240–62 (p. 248ff)
Lisbet Koerner, ‘Daedalus Hyperboreus. Baltic Natural History and Mineralogy in the Enlightenment’, in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, ed. by William Clark, Jan Golinski and Simon Schaffer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), pp. 389–422 (p. 397)
Lisbet Koerner, Linnaeus. Nature and Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 1–6.
[Per Elvius], De Longitudine Geographica Dissertatio […] pro Gradu [… ] Andreas Duraeus (Uppsala: Literis Wernerianis, 1710).
Simon Schaffer, ‘Swedenborg’s Lunars’, Annals of Science, 71 (2014), 2–26 (p. 8).
Daniel G. Harris, F. H. Chapman. The First Naval Architect and His Work (London: Conway Maritime, 1989), p. 25.
Sten G. Lindberg, ‘Bengt Ferrner’, Svenskt biografiskt lexicon (Stockholm, 1956), pp. 635–44
Wilhelm Sjöstrand, Grunddragen av den militära undervisningens uppkomst- och utvecklingshistoria i Sverige till år 1792 (Uppsala: Lundequistska, 1941), p. 354ff.
Guy Boistel, ‘Training Seafarers in Astronomy. Methods, Naval Schools and Naval Observatories in 18th- and 19th-Century France’, in The Heavens on Earth. Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-century Science and Culture, ed. by David Aubin, Charlotte Bigg and Heinz Otto Sibum (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), pp. 148–73 (p. 159)
W. F. Sedgwick, ‘Robertson, John (1707–1776)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23802> [accessed 6 October 2014]).
Hjalmar Fors, ‘Matematiker mot linneaner. Konkurrerande vetenskapliga nätverk kring Torbern Bergman’, in Vetenskapens sociala strukturer. Sju historiska fallstudier om konflikt, samverkan och makt, ed. by Sven Widmalm (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2008), pp. 25–53.
Lindberg, ‘Bengt Ferrner’. These meteorological observations were published in articles in the proceedings of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences between 1752 and 1758. For a discussion of how the position of practical astronomer in Uppsala was linked to a patriotic framework of science, see Sven Widmalm, ‘Auroral Research and the Character of Astronomy in Enlightenment Sweden’, Acta Borealia, 29 (2012), 137–56.
Bengt Ferrner, Inträdes-tal, om sjö-magt, hållit för Kongl. Vetensk. akademien den 28. augusti 1756 (Stockholm: Lars Salvius, 1756), p. 4.
Mårten Strömer, Tal om förbindelsen imellan astronomien och styrmans-konsten (Stockholm: Lars Salvius, 1756).
Woolrich discusses this issue in the introduction to his English translation of part of the journal, which does not include Ferrner’s stay in London; see Bengt Ferrner, Ferrner’s Journal 1759/1760. An Industrial Spy in Bath and Bristol (Eindhoven: Archæologische Pers, 1987), p. 2ff.
Hanna Hodacs and Kenneth Nyberg, Naturalhistoria på resande fot. Om att forska, undervisa och göra karriär i 1700-talets Sverige (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2007)
Hanna Hodacs, ‘Linnaeans Outdoor. The Transformative Role of Studying Nature “on the Move” and Outside’, British Journal for the History of Science, 44 (2011), 1–27.
See Michael W. Flinn, ‘The Travel Diaries of Swedish Engineers of the Eighteenth Century as Sources of Technological History’, Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 31 (1957), 95–109
A. P. Woolrich, Mechanical Arts & Merchandise. Industrial Espionage and Travellers’ Accounts as a Source for Technology Historians (Eindhoven: Archaeologische Pers, 1989).
Sven Evander, Svenska kyrkan i London 1710–2000. En historia i ord och bilder (London: Svenska kyrkan, 2001)
Derek B. Morris and Ken Cozens, Wapping 1600–1800. A Social History of an Early Modern London Maritime Suburb (London: East London History Society, 2009).
Thompson Cooper, ‘Brander, Gustavus (1719/20–1787)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3259> [accessed 3 October 2012].
Pehr Kalm, Kalm’s Account of His Visit to England on His Way to America in 1748, trans. by Joseph Lucas (London: Macmillan & Co., 1892), p. 6.
Jim Bennett, ‘Shopping for Instruments in Paris and London’, in Merchants and Marvels. Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen (New York and London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 370–95.
Ferrner to Samuel Klingenstierna, 22 April 1760, Uppsala University Library, A 9s. See also Klingenstierna’s letters in A 9m. For an account of Ferrner’s interactions with Dollond, see N. V. E. Nordenmark and Johan Nordström, ‘Om uppfinningen av den akromatiska och aplanatiska linsen’, Lychnos, 4 (1938), 1–52, and 5 (1939), 313–84.
Brian Gee, Francis Watkins and the Dollond Telescope Patent Controversy (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 117–18, 135–40.
Christopher Irwin, A Summary of the Principles and Scope of a Method, Humbly Proposed, for Finding the Longitude at Sea (London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley, 1760), p. 6.
Albert Van Helden, ‘Longitude and the Satellites of Jupiter’, in The Quest for Longitude, ed. by William J. H. Andrewes (Cambridge, MA: Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, Harvard University, 1996), pp. 86–100.
See for example Peter Wargentin, ‘An Account of the Observations Made on the Same Transit in Sweden: In a Letter from Mr. Peter Wargentin, Secretary to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Sweden, and F. R. S. to Mr. John Ellicot, F. R. S. Translated from the French’, Philosophical Transactions, 52 (1761–62), 213–16.
Ibid. p. 161. For the tavern’s location, see Henry A. Harben, ‘George and Vulture Tavern’, A Dictionary of London (London: H. Jenkins, 1918).
Niccolò Guicciardini, ‘Simpson, Thomas (1710–1761)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25594> [accessed 10 October 2014].
Compare McConnell’s discussion of how buyers of observatory apparatus ‘referred to an existing piece, which [they] knew and admired’; Anita McConnell, ‘From Craft Workshop to Big Business. The London Scientific Instrument Trade’s Response to Increasing Demand, 1750–1820’, The London Journal, 19 (1994), 36–53 (p. 49).
Göran Rydén, Chris Evans and Owen Jackson, ‘Baltic Iron and the British Iron Industry in the Eighteenth Century’, Economic History Review, 55 (2002), 645–65 (p. 650).
Lorraine Daston, ‘Nationalism and Scientific Neutrality under Napoleon’, in Solomon’s House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. by Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1990), pp. 95–115.
Geert J. Somsen, ‘A History of Universalism. Conceptions of the Internationality of Science from the Enlightenment to the Cold War’, Minerva, 46 (2008), 361–79.
Lorraine Daston, ‘The Ideal and Reality of the Republic of Letters in the Enlightenment’, Science in Context, 4 (1991), 367–86 (p. 383).
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Orrje, J. (2015). Patriotic and Cosmopolitan Patchworks: Following a Swedish Astronomer into London’s Communities of Maritime Longitude, 1759–60. In: Dunn, R., Higgitt, R. (eds) Navigational Enterprises in Europe and its Empires, 1730–1850. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137520647_6
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