Abstract
A center-of-mass energy in a collider is efficiently higher than one in a fixed target with using the same beam energy. At present the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [29] is designed to collide proton beams at a center-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s}=\) 14 \({\,\mathrm{TeV}}\) with a nominal instantaneous luminosity of \(\mathscr {L}=10^{34}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}\). The main purpose is to uncover the nature of electroweak spontaneous symmetry breaking, and prob the new physics phenomena beyond the Standard Model (SM) at the \({\,\mathrm{TeV}}\) energy scale. There are six experiments located on the LHC ring, and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of them. In this chapter an overview of the LHC and the detailed description of the CMS experiment will be introduced. Especially, the parts of the detector relevant to the analyses of this thesis are treated in detail.
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Notes
- 1.
‘p’ indicates a number of an order of magnitude, −12, and a barn (symbol ‘b’) stands for a cross section unit, \(10^{-24}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}\).
- 2.
The imbalance of energy is measured in the transverse plane, and also denoted by MET.
- 3.
The momentum resolution is proportional to \(p/(BR^2)\), where B is the magnetic field in Tesla, and R indicates the radius of the charged-particle curvature in meter.
- 4.
The radiation length (\(X_0\)) stands for a characteristic of a material, related to the energy loss of high energy electromagnetic-interacting particles in the material.
- 5.
It’s to benefit from the Lorentz effect.
- 6.
The Moliere radius is a characteristic constant of a material, indicating the radius of a cylinder containing on average 90% of the shower’s energy deposition.
- 7.
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose.
- 8.
It’s a highly sensitive semiconductor electronics which can convert light to electricity.
- 9.
VPT is the first batches of series production used in the CMS. The VPT is more fast and sensitive than the APD since the radiation levels are highest in the EE.
- 10.
It indicates the mean free path, meaning the average distance between collisions.
- 11.
It shifts the blueviolet light emitted by the scintillator to green light which is sent to HPDs.
- 12.
For example, there is an energy of 760 \({\,\mathrm{GeV}}\) deposited on average in proton–proton collisions at \(\sqrt{(}s)=14~{\,\mathrm{TeV}} \).
- 13.
The Cherenkov light is emitted by a particle when its speed is fast more than the speed of light in the material.
- 14.
In proton–proton collisions, it can be regarded as the number of protons in the beam.
- 15.
\(\nu _{orbit}\) can be obtained from \(l_{orbit}\times \nu _{orbit}=~c\), where \(l_{orbit}\) is the LHC ring (\(\sim \)26.7 km), and c indicates the speed of light.
- 16.
The beam current transformer measures the current in each 25-ns LHC bunch.
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Chang, YH. (2017). Experimental Apparatus. In: Study of Double Parton Scattering in Photon + 3 Jets Final State. Springer Theses. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3824-2_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3824-2_2
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