Skip to main content

French Women Entrepreneurs’ Leadership Practices and Well-Being in a High-Growth Context

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life ((IHQL))

Abstract

Entrepreneurial track is a source of innovation for women’s leadership (Bel 2009). What about the women who have spent many years as the head of growth companies that they created or acquired? In order to measure up to what point these women defy the canon, we wanted to examine the managerial and strategic postures that they assume. We conducted interviews in 2012 with six women leaders of growth companies. We observed that these women’s leadership reveals not only strategically transgressive attitudes, but also a radical rupture with a system of thought that tends to define leadership as an institutionalizing dynamic. This challenging posture does not intend to create a new type of leadership, but it highlights a trend towards a more authentic, shared and distributed leadership. Moreover, this type of leadership contributes to the well-being of these women entrepreneurs and their teams at work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See Appendix 1.

  2. 2.

    For more details, consult www.women-equity.org

  3. 3.

    See Appendix 1.

References

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, bodies and jobs: A gendered theory of organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alimo-Metcalfe, B. (2010). Developments in gender and leadership: Introducing a new “inclusive” model. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(8), 630–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvesson, M., & Due Billing, Y. (2009). Understanding gender and organizations. Thousands Oaks: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alvesson, M., Lee Ashcraft, K., & Thomas, R. (2008). Identity matters: Reflections on the construction of identity scholarship in organization studies. Organization, 15(1), 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APCE. (2007). L’entrepreneuriat féminin dans les PME et TPE françaises. http://www.apce.com/cid69916/l-entrepreneuriat-feminindans-les-pme-et-tpe-francaises.html?pid=266&espace=4

  • Arnold, K., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: The mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 193–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bancel, F., & Duval-Hamel, J. (2008). Fusions d’Entreprises: Comment les Gérer, Comment les Vivre. Paris: Editions d’Organisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargel, L. (2005). La socialisation politique sexuée: apprentissage des pratiques politiques et normes de genre chez les jeunes militant-e-s. Nouvelles Questions Féministes, 24(3), 36–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 112–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bel, G. (2009). L’Entrepreneuriat au féminin. Communication of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council, submitted on behalf of the board by Geneviève Bel on behalf of the delegation for womens’ rights and the equality of opportunity between men and women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3), 256–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calas, M., & Smircich, L. (1991). Voicing seduction to silence leadership. Organization Studies, 12(4), 567–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calas, M., & Smircich, L. (1992). Using the F word: Feminist theories and the social consequences of organizational research. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational studies. Newpark: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calás, M. B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. (2009). Extending the boundaries: Reframing “entrepreneurship as social change” through feminist perspectives. The Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 552–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chasserio, S., Pailot, P., & Poroli, C. (2014). When entrepreneurial identity meets multiple social identities. Interplays and identity work of women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 20(2), 128–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornet, A., & Bonnivert, S. (2008). Leadership et genre. In A. Cornet, J. Laufer, & S. Belghiti-Mahut (Eds.), GRH et Genre. Les défis de L’égalité Hommes-Femmes (pp. 125–137). Paris: Vuibert.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz García, M.-C., & Welter, F. (2011). Gender identities and practices: Interpreting women entrepreneurs’ narratives. International Small Business Journal, 1(21), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H. (2005). Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter? The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 459–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A., & Karau, S. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J. K. (2002). The greatly exaggerated demise of heroic leadership: Gender, power, and the myth of the female advantage. In R. J. Ely, E. G. Foldy, & M. A. Scully (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization (pp. 204–210). Boronia: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J. K. (2003). The paradox of post heroic leadership: Gender matters (Working Paper, No 17). Boston: CGO, Simmons School of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. (2005). Examining leadership through critical feminist readings. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19(3), 236–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fouquet, A. (2005). Les femmes chefs d’entreprise: Le cas Français. Travail, Genre et Sociétés, 13, 31–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1120–1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, B. M., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(6), 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. (2003). Behavior in organizations (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagège, C., & Masson, C. (2011, January). En 2010, hausse des créations d’auto-entreprises mais aussi de sociétés. INSEE Premières, (1334).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagège, C., & Masson, C. (2012, January). Moins de créations d’entreprises individuelles en 2011. INSEE Premières, (1387).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. D. (2005). Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 373–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kergoat, D. (2000). Division sexuelle du travail et rapports sociaux de sexe. In H. Hirata, F. Laborie, H. Le Doaré, & D. Sénotier (Eds.), Dictionnaire Critique du Fémininsme (pp. 35–44). Paris: PUF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerjosse, R. (2007). Créer son entreprise : assurer d’abord son emploi. INSEE Premières, (1167).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Feuvre, N. (2008). La féminisation des professions “masculines”: Enjeux sociaux et approches sociologiques. In Y. Guichard-Claudic, D. Kergoat, & A. Vilbroad (Eds.), L’inversion du genre: Quand les métiers masculins se conjuguent au féminin et réciproquement (pp. 307–324). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matzler, K., Schwarz, E., Deutinger, N., & Harms, R. (2008). The relationship between transformational leadership, product innovation and performance in smes. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(2), 139–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, D. R., Chan, A. Y. L., Hodges, T. D., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32, 247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministère des droits des femmes [Ministry of Women’s Rights]. (2012). Chiffres-clefs l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes 2011. http://femmes.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Chiffres_cles-egalite-2011.pdf

  • Moore, D. P., Moore, J. L., & Moore, J. W. (2001). How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(3), 220–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S.-O. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work and Stress, 22(1), 16–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbor, J. O. (2000). Mythicizing and reification in entrepreneurial discourse: Ideology-critique of entrepreneurial studies. Journal of Management Studies, 37(5), 605–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OSEO. (2011). Dix ans de création d’entreprises innovantes en France, une photographie inédite. http://www.bpifrance-lelab.fr/Ressources/Ressources-Bpifrance-Le-Lab/Dix-ans-de-creation-d-entreprises-innovantes-en-France-une-photographie-inedite

  • Powell, G. N. (2011). Women and men in management (4th ed.). Thousands Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radu, M., & Redien-Collot, R. (2008). The social representation of entrepreneurs in the French press: Desirable and feasible models? International Small Business Journal, 26, 259–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redien-Collot, R. (2007). Perceived nature and impact of gendered norms: The French female business owners’ labour of gender and norms. Kadin/Woman 2000, 8(1), 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, B., & Yoder, J. (2004). Gender differences in leader emergence persist even for dominant women: An updated confirmation of role congruity theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 187–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roussillon, S., & Duval-Hamel, J. (2007). Le stress des dirigeants. In F. Bournois, J. Duval-Hamel, S. Roussillon, & J. L. Scaringella (Eds.), Comités Exécutifs: Voyages au Cœur de la Dirigeance (pp. 125–137). Paris: Editions d’Organisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sardais, C., & Miller, D. (2012). Qu’est-ce qu’au juste le leadership. Gestion, 37, 77–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toor, S.-U.-R., & Ofori, G. (2009). Authenticity and its influence on psychological well-being and contingent self-esteem of leaders in Singapore construction sector. Construction Management and Economics, 27, 299–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2003). The discourse-knowledge interface. In G. Weiss & R. Wodak (Eds.), Critical discourse analysis: Theory and interdisciplinarity (pp. 85–109). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Emerick, H., Wendt, H., & Euwema, M. (2010). Gender ratio, societal culture, and male and female leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 895–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yitshaki, R. (2012). How do entrepreneurs’ emotional intelligence and transformational leadership orientation impact new ventures’ growth? Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 25(3), 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanoni, P., & Janssens, M. (2007). Minority employees engaging with (diversity) management: An analysis of control, agency, and micro-emancipation. Journal of Management Studies, 44(8), 1371–1397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanoni, P., Janssens, M., Benschop, Y., & Nkomo, S. (2010). Unpacking diversity, grasping inequality: Rethinking difference through critical perspectives. Organization, 17(1), 9–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Corinne Poroli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Appendix 1: WEG Index Methodology

Appendix 1: WEG Index Methodology

The WEG (Women Equity Growth) Index developed the first database statistically documenting growth companies in France run by women. From this work, an annual Index of SME growth businesses run by women in France was released in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Teams are now preparing the 2013 Index.

The database stores the data of all French companies that have existed for at least 5 years, are subject to corporate tax, have achieved a revenue of more that four million euros in the 3 years preceding the filing year, and have filed a minimum of 3 years of accounts with the Registry.

During the analysis, the subsidiary companies, listed companies, certain legal forms (cooperatives, SEM, etc.), and franchised businesses are excluded. Companies with female direction are then selected (General Director, CEO, Manager), including more than 2,500 out of a total of 30,000. Sixty percent of these 2,500 companies have had strictly growing revenue over the preceding 3 years. These 2,500 companies are then ordered by rank in reflection of the average of the following five indicators: growth of revenue in the first year, average growth of revenue over the last 3 years, growth in value of revenue in the first year, profitability in the first year and average growth of gross operating profit over the past 3 years.

Finally, the 2012 Index, for example, chose the 50 most successful companies—nearly 1 billion euros cumulative revenue, an average profit of more than 18 million euros, a sales growth of nearly 30 % in the last financial year, and average annual growth of more than 22 % over 3 years, and a more than 32 % average growth of gross operating profit over 3 years.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chasserio, S., Poroli, C., Redien-Collot, R. (2016). French Women Entrepreneurs’ Leadership Practices and Well-Being in a High-Growth Context. In: Connerley, M., Wu, J. (eds) Handbook on Well-Being of Working Women. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9896-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9897-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics