Abstract
In 1769, the French translation of a major investigation of the Ottoman Empire was printed in Paris with the place of publication falsely given as London. The following year, Observations on the Religion, Law, Government and Manners of the Turks by the English ambassador in Istanbul, James Porter, were republished in Neuchâtel. The translator was probably Claude-François Bergier and in all likelihood it was he who inserted a note summing up the enlightened critique of the unacceptable forms of control over thoughts and words inherent in despotism: “Every nation in which freedom to think and to speak will be hampered through laws or fear, will be forever ignorant, hopelessly biased, a slave to superstition, led by fanaticism”. Bergier, or whoever authored the note, did not claim that communication should be unconditionally free, unconstrained by civil laws or unmoderated by the discipline imposed through careful consideration of consequences. This position actually reflected the prevailing sentiment among Enlightenment thinkers who held a variety of often substantially differentiated approaches to the issue of printed expression. A detailed analysis of their writings will show that the genealogy of modern freedom of the press is highly complex, the full comprehension of which requires attention to individual nuances.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Porter 1768.
- 2.
- 3.
See Darnton 1991; Darnton 1995b; Darnton 1995c (which lists the 720 forbidden books that were best-sellers in France after 1769). Darnton’s approach and conclusions are discussed and questioned in The Darnton Debate 1998. An excellent overview of the forbidden literature is Gersmann 1993. Simon Burrows has focused on the forbidden literature written by French authors in London, arguing (unlike Darnton) that it did not intend to attack the culture of the Bourbon monarchy per se and that it was rather one of the ways in which monarchical culture expressed itself (Burrows 2006). See also Israel 2001: 97–118.
- 4.
See in particular de Negroni 1995.
- 5.
- 6.
See De bonne main 1993; L’information à l’époque moderne 2005.
- 7.
- 8.
de Negroni 1995: 106.
- 9.
Beauvois to Pierre Des Maizeaux, Paris, 21 March 1717/1718, BL, Add. Mss. 4281: “Some briefs from Rome arrived last Sunday with the censures of the inquisition of that place. The 1. condemning the appeal as heretical, & ignominous to the Holy See. The 2. condemning Cardinal de Noailles’s appeal as tending to heresy, & injurious to the Holy See. Some copies of these censures being early spread ahead, the Parliament of Paris put out an Arrest against the publication of these censures, & enjoyning any farther altercation relating to the Constitution [Unigenitus]. This Arrest oblig’d the curates, or rather rectors of Paris to wait in a body upon their Archbishop […], & to obtain from the Regent, that they might have the Liberty to repell the objections, & calomnies of their antagonists the Molinists; but his Em.ce did not receive them very graciously. The Archbishop of Reims having publish’d a letter against the protesting bishops, this letter was ordered by the Parliament to be publicly burnt. Whereupon Monsieur de Rheims hath put out a very warm letter. Wherein he insults the parliament in these 2. instances. 1. He declares that he will have this arrest register’d in his officiality as a standing monument of the injustice of his adversaries; 2. That he hath settled a mass to be celebrated yearly in his chappel on the day that his letter was burnt to avert God’s judgments on those that have order’d his letter to be burnt. Time will discover how the Parliament here will relish these proceedings”. See Alamagor 1989. See the overview of the whole question in Van Kley 1996: 85–7 and Doyle 2000. Jansenism: 50.
- 10.
As quoted in Kitchens 1982: 346.
- 11.
Martin 1969. Vol. 1: 439.
- 12.
See in general Censer 1994.
- 13.
André Cheviller made an interesting attempt to reconstruct the role of the university in the control system based on the collaboration between the monarchy, the Faculty of Theology and the Compagnie des libraries: Chevillier 1694.
- 14.
Popkin 1987: 19.
- 15.
- 16.
Le Brun 1975.
- 17.
Lacombe 1985.
- 18.
- 19.
Birn 1983.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24.
BL, Add. Mss. 4281, ff. 215–6, letter 14 June 1714.
- 25.
- 26.
Bignon to Le Clerc, Paris, 25 February 1709, Universitaetsbibliothek Amsterdam, C19c, as quoted in Goldgar 1995: 207.
- 27.
Russo 2007.
- 28.
Martin 1969. Vol. 2: 765.
- 29.
His correspondence with Des Maizeaux deals with issues of censorship and book trade: BL, Add. Mss. 4281. See also Bléchet 1991a and Bléchet 1990. In 1718 the Regent authorized Bignon to acquire for the Royal Library all books from Holland without the permission of the Chambre syndicale (Bléchet 1992: 35).
- 30.
Adkins 2000.
- 31.
Mémoires de la vie du Comte de Gramont 1713. Philibert, count of Gramont, died in 1707.
- 32.
Voltaire 1877–1885. Vol. 23: 87–126.
- 33.
- 34.
The censor deleted the following section: “IT WERE better to have no opinion of God at all, than such an opinion, as is unworthy of him. For the one is unbelief, the other is contumely; and certainly superstition is the reproach of the Deity. Plutarch saith well to that purpose: Surely (saith he) I had rather a great deal, men should say, there was no such man at all, as Plutarch, than that they should say, that there was one Plutarch, that would eat his children as soon as they were born; as the poets speak of Saturn. And as the contumely is greater towards God, so the danger is greater towards men. Atheism leaves a man to sense, to philosophy, to natural piety, to laws, to reputation; all which may be guides to an outward moral virtue, though religion were not; but superstition dismounts all these, and erecteth an absolute monarchy, in the minds of men. Therefore theism did never perturb states; for it makes men wary of themselves, as looking no further: and we see the times inclined to atheism (as the time of Augustus Caesar) were civil times. But superstition hath been the confusion of many states, and bringeth in a new primum mobile, that ravisheth all the spheres of government. The master of superstition, is the people; and in all superstition, wise men follow fools; and arguments are fitted to practice, in a reversed order. It was gravely said by some of the prelates in the Council of Trent, where the doctrine of the Schoolmen bare great sway, that the Schoolmen were like astronomers, which did feign eccentrics and epicycles, and such engines of orbs, to save the phenomena; though they knew there were no such things; and in like manner, that the Schoolmen had framed a number of subtle and intricate axioms, and theorems, to save the practice of the church. The causes of superstition are: pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies; excess of outward and pharisaical holiness; overgreat reverence of traditions, which cannot but load the church; the stratagems of prelates, for their own ambition and lucre; the favoring too much of good intentions, which openeth the gate to conceits and novelties; the taking an aim at divine matters, by human, which cannot but breed mixture of imaginations: and, lastly, barbarous times, especially joined with calamities and disasters. Superstition, without a veil, is a deformed thing; for, as it addeth deformity to an ape, to be so like a man, so the similitude of superstition to religion, makes it the more deformed. And as wholesome meat corrupteth to little worms, so good forms and orders corrupt, into a number of petty observances. There is a superstition in avoiding superstition, when men think to do best, if they go furthest from the superstition, formerly received; therefore care would be had that (as it fareth in ill purgings) the good be not taken away with the bad; which commonly is done, when the people is the reformer”.
- 35.
Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, 2865, f. 184. Les causes de l’Atheisme sont les divisions dans la religion. J’entends qu’il y en a plusieurs. Car une seule donne du zèle aux deux parties, mais plusieurs introduisent l’Atheisme. Le scandale que donnent les prestres en est encore une cause, lorsqu’il est au poinct dont parle S. Bernard. Non est jam dicere ut populus sic sacerdos, quia nec sit populus ut sacerdos. Une troisième est la coutume profane de plaisanter sur les choses saintes, qui a détruit peu à peu la réverence due à la religion. Enfin en temps savant, la paix et l’abondance jointe ensemble. Car les troubles et l’adversité rament l’esprit de la religion.
- 36.
“Il est vrai que nous avons fait quelques retranchemens dans la traduction que nous publions; mais outre qu’ils sont en très petit nombre, nous ne les avons faits que sur l’avis d’un homme d’esprit qui les a jugé nécessaires pour se conformer à nos mœurs et aux loix reçues dans le royaume; et par respect pour la vérité qui s’y trouvoit blessée. La liberté de penser est soufferte en France comme en Angleterre: mais ici elle est resserrée dans les bornes de la sagesse et de la modération, au lieu que l’on n’ignore pas qu’elle est souvent portée à un excès condamnable en Angleterre; et les Anglois les plus judicieux ne font pas difficulté d’en convenir, et de souhaiter que l’on imitat à cet égard notre prudence et notre reserve” (Bacon 1734: xiii–xiv).
- 37.
Saugrain 1744: 341. Barbara de Negroni has emphasized that French censorship was predominantly applied to the Jansenist literature (de Negroni 1995). In fact the guidelines provided by the Code de la Librairie were enforced haphazardly, according to Thierry Rigogne, who claims that the Code de la Librairie failed its objective (Rigogne 2007: 47–64).
- 38.
- 39.
Freedom of Speech 2012.
- 40.
- 41.
d’Argens 1766. Vol. 7: 93. The campaign against the king Henry IV is described in Vol. 1: 144.
- 42.
- 43.
Montesquieu 1762. Book 12, Chap. 10 (“There was a law passed in England under Henry VIII by which whosoever predicted the king’s death, was declared guilty of high treason. This law was very indeterminate; the terror of despotic power is so great it even turns against those who exercise it. In this king’s last illness, the physicians would not venture to say he was in danger; and surely they acted very rightly”. Vol. 1: 210; for a slightly different translation see Montesquieu 1989: 197).
- 44.
Montesquieu 1762. Book 12, Chap. 12. Vol. 1, 210. The 1989 translation reads: “Speech does not form a corpus delicti: it remains only an idea” (198).
- 45.
Montesquieu 1762. Book 12, Chap. 4. Vol. 1, 201–204 (“In things that prejudice the tranquillity of the state, secret actions are subject to human jurisdiction. But in those which offend the Deity, where there is no public action, there can be no criminal matter; the whole passes betwixt man and God, who knows the measure and time of his vengeance”, 202).
- 46.
- 47.
Montesquieu 1762. Book 19, Chap. 27. Vol. 1: 343 (“The clergy not being able to protect religion, nor to be protected by it, not having power to constrain, seek only to persuade: their pens, therefore, furnish us with excellent works in proof of a revelation, and of the providence, of a supreme being”).
- 48.
Cambier 2010: 206–12 on the “superbe puissance d’opiner”, that is the function that opinion performs in creating a social reality, no matter how unstable, as its perception is an inherent part of reality itself.
- 49.
Montesquieu 1762. Book 19, Chap. 5. Vol. 1: 322.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
Saladin, Mémoire historique, as quoted in Gargett 1994: 86.
- 53.
- 54.
Lynch 1977.
- 55.
Lauriol 2005.
- 56.
Thomson 1981.
- 57.
- 58.
Quintili 2009: 265–6.
- 59.
- 60.
Encyclopédie. In Encyclopédie 1751–1765. Vol. 5: 641. In Vol. 13, published in 1765 after the suppression of the printing privilege, the editors inserted the entry Presse (droit publique), written by de Jaucourt, highlighting that freedom of the press is extremely important in “all States based on liberty” (320) and that books do not instigate rebellions.
- 61.
Gordon and Torrey 1947: 17, 35.
- 62.
- 63.
- 64.
- 65.
Condorcet 1791. Vol. 1: 72.
- 66.
Birn 2001: 16.
- 67.
Gordon and Torrey 1947: 76–7.
- 68.
Encyclopédie 1751–1765. Vol. 9: 472–4.
- 69.
Cfr. Rex 2001.
- 70.
- 71.
- 72.
- 73.
“J’ai lu par ordre de monseigneur le Chancelier un manuscrit qui a pour titre De l’Esprit, dans le quel je n’ai rien trouvé qui m’ai paru devoir en empecher l’impression. Fait à Versailles, ce 27 mars 1758. Terrier”. This statement was placed on the last page of the volume. It was the standard formula that all books with approbation and privileges must print.
- 74.
An exception is Wootton 2000.
- 75.
Helvétius 1777a. De l’Esprit. Vol. 1: 88.
- 76.
Helvétius 1777a. De l’Esprit. Vol. 1: 87.
- 77.
Helvétius 1777a. De l’Esprit. Vol. 1: 88, footnote 1.
- 78.
Helvétius 1777a. De l’Esprit. Discourse 4, Chap. 4: “De l’esprit fin, de l’esprit fort”. Vol. 2: 240–59.
- 79.
Correspondance générale d’Helvétius 1981–1998. Vol. 3: 150 (letter to Joseph Michel Antoine Serva, 19 December 1764).
- 80.
- 81.
- 82.
- 83.
- 84.
d’Holbach 1776: 161.
- 85.
d’Holbach 1776: 163–4.
- 86.
d’Holbach 1776: 161.
- 87.
d’Holbach 1776: 160. See also 35: “Laws must punish impostors, shameless libellers, who for no other reason than personal hatred or hidden passions, will sow mistrust between the prince and his collaborators. It is indeed a crime worth harsh punishment of those coward slanderers whom envy spur against men in power”.
- 88.
d’Holbach 1776: 162.
- 89.
Galiani 1770: 238.
- 90.
d’Holbach to Paolo Frisi , 1 December 1771: “Depuis quelque tems la presse est si gênée chez nous qu’il est presque impossible de dire les moindres vérités; nous sommes réduits à jouir de celles que nous viennent des pays étrangers”, in Venturi 1956: 286.
- 91.
- 92.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 10: 72–5.
- 93.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 2: 264.
- 94.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 2: 262.
- 95.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 2: 38 (letter to Voltaire, 19 February 1758).
- 96.
- 97.
Cfr. Volpilhac 1994.
- 98.
- 99.
Diderot 1875. Salon de 1767. Vol. 16: 286–90, 289. The reaction of Louis-Sébastien Mercier to the engravings of Boucher and Beaudouin was very similar. He considered Beaudouin “a cynical painter who surpassed [Boucher] in licentiousness”: more than the “philosophical books, that a small number of men read and that the crowd is not able to understand”, lascivious images should be taken away from the eyes of women (Mercier 1994. Vol. 1: 1324).
- 100.
On Condillac and his Traité des sensations, see O’Neal 1996.
- 101.
Diderot 1972: 67.
- 102.
- 103.
Jacot-Grapa 2009.
- 104.
Diderot 1782. Vol. 2: 237. “A la place du censeur, plus je m’estimerais excellent dans mon métier, plus je tacherais d’être modeste. Puis m’adressant à l’approbateur de son pamphlet, je lui demanderai si quelqu’un a le privilège d’injurier un citoyen, & si un homme honnete peut laisser dire d’un autre ce qu’il serait faché qu’on dit de lui?”. On 25 November 1778 the Essai was approved by the censor Charles-Georges Coqueley de Chaussepierre, himself a playwright and author of theatre pastiches, who was a good friend of Diderot’s (see Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 15: 125). On Coqueley de Chaussepierre see de Rougemont 2002.
- 105.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 9: 107–9 (A Monsieur de Sartine, August 1769). This letter was passed to Grimm for circulation, but Grimm withdrew it.
- 106.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 10: 72–5 (June 1770).
- 107.
- 108.
In the letters to his daughter Sophie Volland Diderot blamed the unknown capuchin monk who was charged with censoring the manuscript. Diderot wrote “four or five times to the sublime magistrate” (Sartine) to complain of the monk’s hostility to Galiani: Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 9: 139 (21 September 1769).
- 109.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 9: 144 (20 September 1769). On Maynon d’Invau see Stone 1994: 103–4. On Galiani and the publication of the Dialogues see Goodman 1994: 212–3. The Dialogues sur le commerce des bleds were published in Paris with a permission tacite, with the place of publication falsely given as London. The censor objected to the first dialogue, that suggests that the Holy See is incapable of managing the famine crises due to its inefficiency (Galiani 1770: 1–19). On Diderot’s effort to circumvent censorship see also Galiani 1968: 296–7.
- 110.
- 111.
Diderot 1955–1970. Vol. 15: 243 (10 June 1781).
- 112.
See Duflo 2009: 124.
- 113.
- 114.
Diderot 1976. Lettre historique et politique. Vol. 8: 559.
- 115.
Diderot 1875. Vol. 4: 83.
- 116.
Hemsterhuis 1964: 450.
- 117.
Hemsterhuis 1964: 513.
- 118.
Goodman 1994: 201–3.
- 119.
On Voltaire as a ‘mainstream’ thinker see Israel 2010.
- 120.
- 121.
- 122.
Voltaire 1777: 100.
- 123.
Voltaire 1877–1885. Vol. 13: 28.
- 124.
Voltaire 1968–2011. Lettre à un premier commis. Vol. 9: 320.
- 125.
See Voltaire 1877–1885. A.B.C., Neuvième entretien. Des esprits serfs. In Œuvres de Voltaire. Vol. 27: 360: “[…] Il faut punir le séditieux téméraire; mais, parce que les hommes peuvent abuser de l’écriture, faut-il leur en interdire l’usage? J’aimerais autant qu’on vous rendît muet pour vous empêcher de faire de mauvais arguments. On vole dans les rues, faut-il pour cela défendre d’y marcher? On dit des sottises et des injures, faut-il défendre de parler? Chacun peut écrire chez nous ce qu’il pense, à ses risques et à ses périls; c’est la seule manière de parler à sa nation. Si elle trouve que vous avez parlé ridiculement, elle vous siffle; si séditieusement, elle vous punit; si sagement et noblement, elle vous aime et vous récompense. La liberté de parler aux hommes avec la plume est établie en Angleterre comme en Pologne; elle l’est dans les Provinces-Unies; elle l’est enfin dans là Suède, qui nous imite; elle doit l’être dans la Suisse, sans quoi la Suisse n’est pas digne d’être libre. Point de liberté chez les hommes sans celle d’expliquer sa pensée”.
- 126.
Voltaire 1877–1885. Liberté de penser and Liberté d’imprimer (Dictionnaire philosophique). Vol. 19: 583–9.
- 127.
Voltaire. 1877–1885. Lettre au roi de Danemark. Vol. 10: 421–7.
- 128.
Voltaire 1761: 50–1.
- 129.
Shank 2008: 369.
- 130.
Kelly 1997. In an otherwise brilliant paper of 2003, published in 2005 in the “Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century”, Raymond Birn argued – mistakenly, I suggest – that “on the subject of censorship Rousseau was not a deep thinker” (Birn 2005). A brief analysis is in Meier 1984: LXVIII–LXXXV (Meier missed the point of the French functional ambiguity by stating that “censorship was a relatively low hurdle for authors during the ancient regime”, LXXVIII).
- 131.
- 132.
Hesse 1990.
- 133.
- 134.
Rousseau 1965–1989. J.-J. Rousseau citoyen de Genève, à Monsieur d’Alembert. In Vol. 8: 29 (26 January 1761).
- 135.
- 136.
Grosclaude 1960: 22.
- 137.
The letter, both in the version Rousseau actually sent to Malesherbes and in the longer version, is in Grosclaude 1960: 23–4.
- 138.
Relying solely on Rousseau’s narrative of Malesherbes’s intervention in Confessions, book 10, Patterson misunderstands the implications of the publication of La Nouvelle Heloise (Patterson 1984: 238).
- 139.
On Piquet, who died in 1779 after censoring 283 books and granting 128 permissions tacites, see Birn 2007: 140.
- 140.
Rousseau 1959–1995. Vol. 3: 1544, footnote 2. Rousseau referred to Christianity as a sect. See Rousseau’s letter to Duclos, 8 December 1760 (Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 7: 342–3). The critical edition provided by Bruno Bernardi and Gabriella Silvestrini highlights the passage in which Rousseau refused to accept the change requested by the censor (Rousseau 2008). Duclos received a copy of the galleys of La Nouvelle Heloise, it seems, as a friend, not as a royal censor (Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 7: 317, 17 November 1760).
- 141.
Whatmore 2012: 54–97.
- 142.
Rousseau 2002b: 65.
- 143.
Rousseau 2002a: 244.
- 144.
- 145.
Athens was not a democracy, Rousseau maintained in Sur l’économie politique (Rousseau 1959–1995. Vol. 3: 246), rather an aristocracy led by the learned and the orators.
- 146.
- 147.
- 148.
- 149.
Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 8: 1327 (26 February 1761).
- 150.
“Jusqu’ici j’ai cherché de bonne foi la vérité, préférant cependant des vérités utiles”, Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 8: 237 (March 1761).
- 151.
Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 10: 26 (12 February 1762).
- 152.
Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 7: 297–301 (5 November 1760).
- 153.
- 154.
Turnovsky 2003.
- 155.
See above Introduction.
- 156.
“Mon expérience m’a donc fait prendre la ferme résolution d’être désormais mon unique Censeur”, Rousseau 1965–1989. Vol. 3: 59 (28 November 1754).
- 157.
Rousseau 1959–1995. Confessions. Vol. 1: 40.
- 158.
“C’est alors que le bon usage de sa liberté devient à la fois le mérite et la récompense” (Rousseau 1959–1995. Emile. Vol. 4: 603).
- 159.
Rousseau 1959–1995. Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques. Vol. 1: 696.
- 160.
Turgot 1913–1923. Vol. 3: 640 (Turgot to Du Pont, December 1773).
- 161.
- 162.
Gelbart 1987: 229, footnote 58.
- 163.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 256–314, 256–8. An incomplete version of the Fragments was published in Condorcet 1804. Vol. 16: 3–30.
- 164.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 260 and 258.
- 165.
See Baxmann 1999: 47, 53.
- 166.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 260.
- 167.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 275.
- 168.
Reichardt 1973: 99–100. See Condorcet 1847–1849. Sur l’abolition des corvées. Vol. 11: 275.
- 169.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 265.
- 170.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 277.
- 171.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 277.
- 172.
Rothschild 2001: 195–217.
- 173.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 287.
- 174.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 304.
- 175.
Condorcet 1847–1849. Fragments sur la liberté de la presse. Vol. 11: 306, 308.
- 176.
Hesse 1990: 116.
- 177.
Mercier 1994. Vol. 1: 293.
- 178.
Mercier 1994. Vol. 1: 757–8.
References
Bacon, Francis. 1734. Essais du Chevalier Bacon, Chancelier d'Angleterre, sur Divers Sujets de Politique & de Morale. Paris: Emery.
Boileau, Pierre. 1711. Satire xii . Sur l’equivoque. Par M. Boileau Despreaux. mdccxi , Discours de l’Auteur pour servir d’Apologie à la satire suivante.
Chevillier, André. 1694. L’origine de l’Imprimerie de Paris, Dissertation historique, et critique. Divisée en quatre parties. Dans la i . on voit son Etablissement qui fut fait par des Gens de l’Université, c’est-à-dire, par les soins de la Société de Sorbonne; avec l’Histoire d’Ulric Gering le premier Imprimeur de Paris. La ii . contient des reflexions sur les livres imprimez par Gering, & quelques Remarques curieuses touchant les Imprimeurs, & sur la matière d’Imprimerie. La iii . Découvre l’Origine de l’Impression Grecque & Hébraïque, qui fut établie à Paris par le soin des Professeurs de l’Université. Dans la iv . on fait voir les Droits que l’Université a eûs sur la Librarie de Paris, devant & après la découverte de l’Imprimerie. Paris: Chez Jean de Laulne, ruë de la Harpe, proche le Collège d’Arcour, à l’Image de Saint Jean-Baptiste.
Condorcet, Jean-Antoine Caritat de. 1791. Vie de Voltaire. Londres.
Correspondance générale d’Helvétius. 1981–1998. Preface du Comte Charles-Antoine d’Andlau, Introduction, principes d’édition, établissement des textes et appareil critique par Alan Dainard, Jean Orsoni; David Smith, directeur de l’édition; Peter Allan, pour la preparation des lettres de Madame Helvetius. Toronto/Oxford: University of Toronto Press-Voltaire Foundation.
d’Argens, Jean-Baptiste de. Boyer. 1766. Lettres juives, ou correspondance philosophique, historique et critique. La Haye: Paupie.
d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry. 1773a. La politique naturelle ou discours sur les vrais principes du gouvernement. London [reprint Hildesheim-New York: Olms 1971].
d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry. 1773b. Système social. Ou principes naturels de la morale et de la politique. Avec un examen de l’influence du gouvernement sur les mœurs. Londres.
d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry. 1776. Ethocratie. Amsterdam: Rey.
Diderot, Denis. 1782. Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, et sur les moeurs et les écrits de Sénèque. Londres.
Diderot, Denis. 1875. Oeuvres complètes de Diderot, Revues sur les éditions originales. Paris: Garnier.
Diderot, Denis. 1955–1970. Correspondance, ed. Georges Roth and Jean Varloot. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
Diderot, Denis. 1972. Le neveu de Rameau et autres dialogues philosophiques, Textes établis par Jean Varloot. Notes de Nicole Evrard. Paris: Gallimard.
Diderot, Denis. 1976. Œuvres completes, édition critique et annotée, publiée sous la direction de Herbert Dieckmann, Jean Fabre et Jacques Proust; avec les soins de Jean Varloot. Paris: Hermann.
Diderot, Denis. 1994. Œuvres complètes, ed. H. Dieckmann-Jean Varloot. Paris: Hermann.
Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres. 1751–1765. Paris: Briasson, David, le Breton, Durand (starting with vol. 8: Neufchatel: Faulche).
Galiani, Ferdinando. 1770. Dialogues sur le commerce des blés. Londres.
Galiani, Ferdinando. 1968. Dialogues entre M. Marquis de Requemaure, et Ms. le chevalier Zanobi. The autograph manuscript of the Dialogues Sur Le Commerce Des Blés, diplomatically edited with introduction, notes and appendices by Philip Koch. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Garnier, Jean Jacques. 1757. Le Bâtard légitime ou le Triomphe du comique larmoyant, Avec un examen du Fils naturel. Amsterdam.
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1777a. Œuvres complettes de Mr. Helvétius. Londres.
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1777b. A treatise on man, his intellectual faculties and education, A posthumous work by M. Helvétius. Translated from the French, with additional notes, by W. Hooper. London: Law and Robinson.
Hemsterhuis, François. 1964. Lettre sur l’homme et ses rapports, avec le commentaire inédit de Diderot. Texte établi, présenté et annoté par Georges May. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Isambert, François-André. 1821–1833. Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises. Paris: Belin-Leprieur.
Mémoires de la vie du Comte de Gramont, contenant particulièrement l’histoire amoureuse de la cour d’Angleterre sous le règne de Charles II. 1713. Cologne: Pierre Marteau.
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien. 1994. Tableau de Paris, Edition établie sous le direction de Jean-Claude Bonnet. Paris: Mercure de France.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de. 1762. The Spirit of Laws. Translated from the French of M. de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Donaldson and Reid.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de. 1989. The Spirit of the Laws. Translated and edited by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, Harold Samuel Stone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de. 2011. L'Esprit des lois. Introduction, chronologie, bibliographie, relevé de variantes et notes par Robert Derathé. Bibliographie mise à jour et index par Denis de Casabianca. Paris: Garnier.
Ozanam, Didier, and Michel Antoine (eds.). 1956. Correspondance secrète du comte de Broglie avec Louis xv (1756–1774). Paris: Klincksieck.
Porter, James. 1768. Observations on the religion, law, government and manners of the Turks. Dublin: Wilson, Exshaw, Saunders, Sleater, Chamberlaine, Potts, Williams, Colles, Millikin.
Porter, James. 1770. Observations sur la religion, les loix, le gouvernement et les mœurs des Turcs, traduites de l’anglois de M. Porter, Ministre plénipotentiaire de Sa M. Britannique à Constantinople, nouv. éd. augmentée de notes, Neufchatel.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques-Malesherbes, Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de. 1991. Correspondance. Texte préfacé et annoté par Barbara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques-Malesherbes, Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de. 1991. Correspondance: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes Texte préfacé et annoté par Barbara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1959–1995. OEuvres complètes. Edition publiée sous la direction de Bernard Gagnebin et Marcel Raymond. Paris: Gallimard.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1965–1989. Correspondance Complète. Genève/Oxford: Institut Musée Voltaire/Voltaire Foundation.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2002a. Letter to Beaumont, Letters Written from the Mountain, and Related Writings. Trans. Christopher Kelly and Judith R. Bush, ed. Christopher Kelly and Eve Grace. Hanover: Dartmouth College Press.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2002b. The social contract and the first and second discourses, Edited and with an Introduction of Susan Dunn. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2004. Letter to D’Alembert, and Writings for the Theater. Trans. and Ed. Allan Bloom, Charles Butterworth and Christopher Kelly. Lebanon: University Press of New England.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2008. Principes du droit de la guerre. Écrits sur la paix perpétuelle. Edition nouvelle et présentation de l’établissement des textes par Bruno Bernardi et Gabriella Silvestrini. Paris: Vrin.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2012. Lettres écrites de la montagne. Edition critique par Alfred Dufour et Gabriella Silvestrini. In Rousseau, Oeuvres complètes. Vol. 6. Sous la direction de Raymond Trousson et Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Genève-Paris: Slatkine-Champion.
Saugrain, Claude-Marin. 1744. Code de la Librairie et Imprimerie de Paris. Paris: La Communauté.
Voltaire. 1761. Fragment d’une Lettre sur la considération qu’on doit aux Gens de Lettres. 48–54. Mélanges de poésies, de littérature, d’histoire et de philosophie.
Voltaire. 1777. Prix de la justice et de l’humanité. Londres.
Voltaire. 1877–1885. Oeuvres de Voltaire, nouvelle édition avec notices. Paris: Garnier.
Voltaire. 1968–2011. The complete works of Voltaire. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Adkins, Gregory Matthew. 2000. When ideas matter: The moral philosophy of Fontenelle. Journal of the History of Ideas 61: 433–452.
Alamagor, Joseph. 1989. Pierre Des Maizeaux (1673–1745), Journalist and English Correspondent for Franco-Dutch Periodicals, 1700–1720. Amsterdam/Maarssen: APA-Holland University Press.
Barber, Giles. 1966. French royal decrees concerning the book trade 1700–1789. Australian Journal of French Studies 3: 312–330.
Baxmann, Dorothée. 1999. Wissen, Kunst und Gesellschaft in der Theorie Condorcets. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Bazin, Christian. 1995. Malesherbes ou la sagesse des Lumières. Paris: Picollec.
Birn, Raymond. 1983. Book production and censorship in France, 1700–1715. In Books and society in history, Papers of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Rare Books and Manuscripts Preconference, 24–28 June, 1980, Boston Massachusetts, ed. Kenneth E. Carpenter and R.R. Bowker, 145–171. New York/London: Bowker.
Birn, Raymond. 2001. Forging Rousseau. Print, commerce and cultural manipulation in the late enlightenment. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Birn, Raymond. 2005. Book censorship in eighteenth-century France and Rousseau’s response. SVEC 223–245.
Birn, Raymond. 2007. La censure royale des livres dans la France des lumières. Paris: Jacob.
Bléchet, Françoise. 1990. Fontenelle et l’abbé Bignon, du Président de l’Académie royale des sciences au secrétaire perpétuel: quelques lettres de l’abbé Bignon à Fontenelle. Corpus 13: 51–61.
Bléchet, Françoise. 1991a. Un exemple d’échanges franco-anglais privilégiés: la correspondance entre Hans Sloane et l’abbé Bignon. SVEC 292: 119–127.
Bléchet, Françoise. 1991b. Un précurseur de l’Encyclopédie au service de l’Etat: l’abbé Bignon. In Encyclopédisme. Actes du colloque de Caen, 12–16 janvier 1987, Sous la direction de Annie Blecq, 395–412. Caen: Éditions aux Amateurs de Livres.
Bléchet, Françoise. 1992. Acquisitions hollandaises. In Le magasin de l’Univers. The Dutch Republic as a centre of the European book trade, ed. C. Berkvens-Stevelinck, H. Bots, P.G. Hoftijzer, and O.S. Lankhorst, 33–47. Leiden: Brill.
Blom, Philipp. 2004. Encyclopédie. The triumph of reason in an unreasonable age. London/New York: Fourth Estate.
Braider, Christopher. 2012. The matter of the mind. Reason and experience in the age of Descartes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Burrows, Simon. 2006. Blackmail, scandal and revolution: London’s French libellistes. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Cambier, Alain. 2010. Montesquieu et la liberté. Essai sur ‘De l’Esprit des lois’. Paris: Hermann.
Candler Hayes, Julie. 2009. Translation, subjectivity and culture in France and England 1600–1800. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cavarzere, Marco. 2011. La prassi della censura nell’Italia del Seicento. Tra repressione e mediazione. Florence: Olschki.
Censer, Jack. 1994. French press in the age of the Enlightenment. London: Routledge.
Cerf, Madeleine. 1967. La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle. Communications 9: 2–27.
Chartier, Roger. 2002. Property & privilege in the republic of letters. Daedalus 131: 60–66.
Chartier, Roger. 2005. Inscrire et effacer. Culture ecrite et literature (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle). Paris: Gallimard.
Clarke, Jack A. 1973. Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon “Moderator of the Academies” and Royal Librarian. French Historical Studies 8: 213–235.
Cronk, Nicholas. 2003. Voltaire and the Benefits of Censorship: The Example of the Lettres philosophiques. Paper presented at the Oxford-Princeton Partnership Conference: The History of Censorship, September 26–27, 2003, Princeton University, Princeton, http://web.princeton.edu/sites/english/csbm/
Darnton, Robert. 1984. The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history. New York: Basic Books.
Darnton, Robert. 1991. Édition et sédition. L’univers de la littérature clandestine au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Gallimard.
Darnton, Robert. 1995b. The corpus of clandestine literature in France 1769–1789. New York: Norton.
Darnton, Robert. 1995c. The forbidden bestsellers of the pre-revolutionary France. New York: Norton.
Davison, Rosena. 1985. Diderot et Galiani. Histoire d’une amitié philosophique. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
de Baecque, Antoine. 1989. Le commerce du libelle interdit à Paris (1790–1791). Dix-huitième siècle 21: 233–246.
De Marte, Isabelle. 2008. Echange à trois: les dessous romanesques de la Lettre sur le commerce de la librairie. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 43: 71–90.
de Negroni, Barbara. 1995. Lectures interdites. Le travail des censeurs au XVIIIe siècle 1723–1774. Paris: Albin Michel.
Delpiano, Patrizia. 2007. Il governo della lettura. Chiesa e libri nell’Italia del Settecento. Bologna: il Mulino.
Derathé, Robert. 2011. Introduction. In L’Esprit des lois, ed. Charles de Secondat de Montesquieu. Introduction, chronologie, bibliographie, relevé de variantes et notes par Robert Derathé. Bibliographie mise à jour et index par Denis de Casabianca. Paris: Garnier.
Desgraves, Louis. 1986. Montesquieu. Paris: Mazarine.
Desgraves, Louis. 2002. L’impression de L’Esprit des Lois à Genève en 1747–1748. Achèvement de l’ouvrage et corrections. In Le temps de Montesquieu, sous la direction de Michel Porret et Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, 33–42. Paris: Droz.
Doyle, William. 2000. Jansenism. London: MacMillan.
Duflo, Colas. 2009. Diderot and the publicing of censorship. In The use of censorship in the enlightenment, ed. Mogens Laerke. Leiden: Brill.
Fournier, Michel. 2007. La « révolution » de la lecture romanesque au XVIIIe siècle en France: institutionnalisation de la lecture et émergence d’une nouvelle sensibilité. Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 54: 55–73.
Gargett, Graham. 1994. Jacob Vernet, Geneva and the philosophes. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Gay, Jean. 1876. Saisie de livres prohibés faite aux couvents des jacobins et des Cordeliers à Lyon, en 1694, Nouvelle édition augmentée d’un répertoire bibliographique. Turin: Bona.
Gay, Peter. 1959. Voltaire’s politics. The poet as realist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gelbart, Nina. 1987. Feminine and opposition journalism in old regime France. Le Journal des Dames. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
Gersmann, Gudrun. 1993. Im Schatten der Bastille: die Welt der Schriftsteller, Kolporteure und Buchhändler am Vorabend der Französischen Revolution. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Goldgar, Anne. 1995. Impolite learning. Conduct and community in the republic of letters 1680–1750. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
Goodman, Dena. 1994. Republic of letters. A cultural history of the French enlightenment. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press.
Gordon, Douglas H., and Norman L. Torrey. 1947. The censoring of Diderot’s “Encyclopedie” and the re-established text. New York: Columbia University Press.
Goulemot, Jean Marie. 1991. Les livres qu’on ne lit que d’une main. Paris: Alinea.
Grosclaude, Pierre. 1960. J.-J. Rousseau et Malesherbes: documents inédits. Paris: Fischbacher.
Hanley, William. 1980. The policing of the thought in eighteenth-century France. SVEC 183: 265–295.
Hesse, Carla. 1990. Enlightenment epistemology, and the laws of authorship in revolutionary France 1777–1793. Representations 30: 109–137.
Himmelfarb, Gertrude. 2004. Roads to modernity. The British, French and American enlightenments. New York: Knopf.
Infelise, Mario. 2009. I libri proibiti da Gutenberg all’Encyclopédie. Roma/Bari: Laterza.
Israel, Jonathan I. 2001. Radical enlightenment. Philosophy and the making of modernity 1650–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Israel, Jonathan. 2010. A revolution of the mind: Radical enlightenment and the intellectual origins of modern democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jacot-Grapa, Caroline. 2009. ‘Quand on écrit, faut-il tout écrir ?’. Diderot et la censure. Droit et cultures [En ligne], 57 – 2009–1, mis en ligne le 11 septembre 2009 http://droitcultures.revues.org/1337
Kates, Gary. 1995. The transgendered world of the Chevalier/Chevalière d’Eon. JMH 67: 558–594.
Kelly, Christopher. 1997. Rousseau and the case for (and against) censorship. The Journal of Politics 59: 1232–1251.
Kitchens III, James. 1982. Judicial Commissaires and the Parlement of Paris. The Case of the Chambre de l’Arsenal. French Historical Studies 12: 232–350.
Kors, Alan. 1976. D’Holbach’s Coterie. An enlightenment in Paris. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
L’attentat de Damiens. Discours sur l’événement au XVIIIe siècle. 1979, sous la direction de Pierre Retat. Paris/Lyon: CNRS/Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
L’information à l’époque moderne. Actes du Colloque de 1999. Bullettin n. 25. 2005. Paris: Presses de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne.
Labrosse, Claude. 1985. Lire au XVIIIe siècle. La Nouvelle Heloise et ses lecteurs. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
Lacombe, Patrick J. 1985. Biblical criticism and censorship in Ancien Regime France: The case of Richard Simon. Harvard Theological Review 78: 149–177.
Laqueur, Thomas. 2004. Solitary sex: A cultural history of masturbation. New York: Zone Books.
Lauriol, Claude. 2005. La condamnation de L’Esprit des lois dans les archives de la Congrégation de l’Index. In Montesquieu, œuvre ouverte? (1748–1755). Actes du colloque de Bordeaux (6–8 décembre 2001, Bordeaux, Bibliothèque Municipale), présentés et publiés par Catherine Larrère, 91–102. Napoli/Oxford: Liguori/Voltaire Foundation.
Le Brun, Jacques. 1975. Censure préventive et littérature religieuse en France au début du XVIIIe siècle. Revue d’histoire de l’Eglise de France 61: 201–225.
Loveland, Jeff. 2001. Rhetoric and natural history: Buffon in polemical and literary context. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Lynch, Andrew J. 1977. Montesquieu and the Ecclesiastical Critics of L’Esprit des Lois. Journal of the History of Ideas 38: 487–500.
Martin, Henri Jean. 1969. Livre, pouvoirs et société. Génève: Droz.
Mass, Edgar. 1981. Literatur und Zensur in der frühen Aufklärung. Produktion, Distribution und Rezeption der Lettres Persanes. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
McEachern, Jo-Ann E. 1992. La Nouvelle Heloïse et la censure. In Rousseau and the eighteenth century. Essays in memory of R. A Leigh, ed. Marian Hobson, John T.A. Leigh, and Robert Wokler, 83–100. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation.
Meier, Heinrich. 1984. Anhang zur Zensur. In Diskurs über die Ungleichheit. Discours sur l’inégalité. Kritische Ausgabe des integralen Textes. Mit sämtlichen Fragmenten und ergänzenden Materialien nach der Originalausgabe und den Handschriften neu editiert, übersetzt und kommentiert, ed. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Paderborn: Schoeningh.
Minois, Georges. 1995. Censure et culture sous l’Ancien régime. Paris: Fayard.
Minuti, Rolando. 2006. Orientalismo e idee di tolleranza nella cultura francese del primo ‘700. Firenze: Olschki.
Moriarty, Michael. 1994. Satire and power in seventeenth-century France. The case of Boileau. Forum for Modern Language Studies 30: 293–304.
Moureau, François (ed.). 1993. De bonne main. La comunication manuscrite au XVIIIe siècle. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Moureau, François. 2006. La plume et le plomb. Espaces de l’imprimé et du manuscrit au siècle des Lumières. Paris: PUPS.
O’Neal, John C. 1996. The authority of experience. Sensationist theory in the French enlightenment. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Ozanam, Didier. 1955. La disgrace d’un premier commis. Tercier et l’affaire De l’esprit (1758–1759). Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des chartes 113: 140–170.
Patterson, Annabel. 1984. Censorship and interpretation. The conditions of writing and reading in early modern England. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Popkin, Richard. 1987. Isaac la Peyrere (1596–1676). His life, work and influence. Leiden: Brill.
Powers, Elisabeth (ed.). 2012. Freedom of speech. The history of an idea. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
Proust, Jacques. 1962. Diderot et l’Encyclopédie. Paris: Colin.
Quintili, Paolo. 2009. Matérialisme et Lumières. Philosophie de la vie, autour de Diderot et de quelques autres 1706–1789. Paris: Champion.
Rand, Erica. 1992. Diderot and girl-group erotics. Eighteenth-Century Studies 25: 495–516.
Reichardt, Rolf. 1973. Reform und Revolution bei Condorcet. Ein Beitrag zur späten Aufklärung in Frankreich. Bonn: Röhrscheid.
Rex, Walter. 2001. L’Arche de Noé et autres articles religieux de l’abbé Mallet dans l’Encyclopédie. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 30: 127–147.
Rideau, Frédéric. 2008. Commentary on Diderot’s Letter on the book trade (1763). In Primary sources on copyright (1450–1900), ed L. Bently and M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org
Rigogne, Thierry. 2007. Between state and market: Printing and bookselling in eighteenth-century France. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Roche, Daniel. 1990. Censure et Police du livre. In Histoire de l’édition français: Le livre triumphant (1660–1830), ed. Roger Chartier and Henri-Jean Martin, 88–98 and 99–109. Paris: Fayard.
Roger, Jacques. 1962. Introduction. In Les Epoques de la nature, ed. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon. Edition critique avec le manuscrit, une introduction et des notes par Jacques Roger. Paris: Editions du Muséum.
Roger, Jacques. 1989. Buffon. Un philosophe au Jardin du Roi. Paris: Fayard.
Rosenfeld, Sophie. 2001. Writing the history of censorship in the age of enlightenment. In Postmodernism and the enlightenment. New perspectives in French intellectual history, ed. Gordon Daniel, 117–145. New York: Routledge.
Rothschild, Emma. 2001. Economic sentiments. Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the enlightenment. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.
Russo, Elena. 2007. Styles of enlightenment. Taste, politics, and authorship in eighteenth-century France. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sauvy, Anne. 1972. Livres saisis à Paris entre 1678 et 1701. D’après une étude préliminaire de Motoko Ninomiya. La Haye: Nijhoff.
Schwab, Richard. 1971. Inventory of Diderot’s Encyclopédie 1. SVEC 80.
Shackleton, Robert. 1961. Montesquieu. A critical biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shackleton, Robert. 1976. Un événement de l’histoire de la Librairie française: la publication de “L’Esprit des lois”. In Cahier n. 5 du Centre des recherches sur les idéologies, les mentalités et la civilisation au siècle des Lumières. Dijon: Université de Dijo
Shank, John Bennett. 2008. The Newton wars and the beginning of the French enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shelford, April. 1006. Of scepters and censors: Biblical interpretation and censorship in seventeenth-century France. French History 20: 161–181.
Sheriff, Mary D. 2008. Moved by love. Inspired artists and deviant women in eighteenth-century France. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Smith, David. 1965. Helvétius: A study in persecution. Oxford: Clarendon.
Stone, Biley. 1994. The genesis of the French revolution. A global interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Terrall, Mary. 2002. The man who flattened the Earth. Maupertuis and the sciences in the enlightenment. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
Thomson, Ann. 1981. Materialism and society in the mid-eighteenth century. La Mettrie’s Discours Préliminaire. Genève: Droz.
Tomaselli, Sylvana. 2006. The spirit of nations. In The Cambridge history of eighteenth-century political thought, ed. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler, 9–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turnovsky, Geoffrey. 2003. The enlightenment literary market: Rousseau, authorship, and the book trade. Eighteenth-Century Studies 36: 387–410.
Van Damme, Stephane. 2005. Paris, capital philosophique. De la Fronde à la Révolution. Paris: Jacob.
Van Kley, Dale K. 1996. The religious origins of the French Revolution. From Calvin to the civil constitution 1560–1791. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
Venturi, Franco. 1956. Une lettre du baron d’Holbach, publiée par F. SVEC 2: 285–287.
Venturi, Franco. 1960. Galiani tra enciclopedisti e fisiocrati. RSI 72: 45–64.
Venturi, Franco. 1963. Le origini dell’Enciclopedia. Torino: Einaudi.
Volpilhac, Catherine. 1991. Un auteur en quête d'éditeurs?: histoire éditoriale de l'œuvre de Montesquieu (1748–1964). Avec la collaboration de Gabriel Sabbagh et Françoise Weil. Lyon: ENS éditions – Institut d’histoire du livre.
Volpilhac, Catherine. 1994. Double lecture, double écriture: les Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 17: 69–81.
Walton, Charles. 2009. Policing public opinion in the French Revolution. The culture of calumny and the problem of free speech. New York: Oxford University Press.
Weil, Françoise. 1987. L’Encyclopédie devant la censure. In Encyclopédisme. Actes du colloque de Caen, 12–16 janvier 1987, Sous la direction de Annie Blecq, 413–419. Caen: Éditions aux Amateurs de Livres.
Weil, Françoise. 1999. Livres interdits, livres persécutés 1720–1770. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
Whatmore, Richard. 2012. Against war and empire. Geneva, Britain, and France in the eighteenth century. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Woodbridge, John D. 1976. Censure royale et censure épiscopale: le conflit de 1702. Dix-huitième siècle 8: 333–355.
Wootton, David. 2000. Helvétius: From radical enlightenment to revolution. Political Theory 28: 467–496.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tortarolo, E. (2016). The Functional Ambiguity of Censorship and the French Enlightenment. In: The Invention of Free Press. International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées, vol 219. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7346-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7346-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7345-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7346-1
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)