Skip to main content

Microorganisms

  • Chapter

Abstract

This section provides an overview of the phylogenetically extremely diverse groups collectively regarded as ‘microorganisms’. This term is misleading as by no means all are microscopic. The definition accepted here is: organisms which either belong to phyla many members of which cannot be seen by the unaided eye, or where microscopic examination, and in many cases growth in pure culture, is essential for identification (Hawksworth, 1992). Some of the themes touched on here with specific reference to microorganisms are developed from a broader perspective elsewhere in the report (Chapter 4). The glossary should be consulted for definitions of certain terms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andersen, R.A. (in press). The diversity of eukaryotic algae. Biodiversity and Conservation 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, B. and Priest, F. 1986. Modern Bacterial Taxonomy. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Wokingham. 145pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier, C.M. 1986. The dynamics of fungal speciation. In: Rayner, A.D.M., Brasier, C.M. and Moore, D. (Eds), Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp.231–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, J.H. 1983. Speciation in fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corliss, J.O. 1991. Introduction to the protozoa. In: Harrison, F.W. and Corliss, J.O. (Eds), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, 1. Wiley-Liss, New York. Pp.1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Castri, F. and Younès, T. 1990. Ecosystem function of biological diversity. Biology International, Special Issue 22:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassle, J.F., Lasserre, P., McIntyre, A.D. and Ray, G.C. 1991. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function. Biology International, Special Issue 23:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. 1991a. The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research 95:641–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. (Ed.) 1991b. The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford. 302pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. (in press). Biodiversity in microorganisms and its role in ecosystem function. In: Solbrig, O.T. and van Emden, H.A. (Eds), Biological Diversity and Global Change. Springer Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. and Bridge, P.D. 1988. Recent and future developments in techniques of value in the systematics of fungi. Mycosystema 1:5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. and Colwell, R.R. 1992 Biodiversity amongst microorganisms and its relevance. Biology International 24:11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D.L. and Colwell, R.R., (Eds) (in prep.). Biodiversity amongst microorganisms and its significance. Biodiversity and Conservation 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenike, J. 1991. Mass extinction of European fungi. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:174–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.L. 1989. Nucleic acids in bacterial classification. In: Holt, J.G. (Ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 4. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Pp.2306–2308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, E. 1985 [“1984”]. A general review on the contribution of chemotaxonomy to the systematics of green algae. In: Irvine, D.E.G. and John, D.M. (Eds), Systematics of the Green Algae. Academic Press, London. Pp.391–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsop, B.E. and Doyle, A. (Eds) 1991. Maintenance of Microorganisms, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London. 308pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E. (Ed.) 1983. Microbial Geochemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 330pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtzman, C.P. 1985. Molecular taxonomy of fungi. In: Bennett, J.W. and Lasure, L.L. (Eds), Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Academic Press, Orlando. Pp.35–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R. 1991. Soil conservation and biodiversity. In: Hawksworth, D.L. (Ed.), The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford. Pp.89–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbeater, S.C. and Riding, R. (Eds) 1986. Biomineralization in Lower Plants and Animals. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 401pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K.E. 1991. The diversity of soil organisms. In: Hawksworth, D.L. (Ed.), The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford. Pp.73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liesack, W. and Stackebrandt, E. (in press). Unculturable microbes detected by molecular sequences and probes. Biodiversity and Conservation 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J.M. 1988. The Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 252pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J.M. and Hobbie, J.E. (Eds) 1988. Microorganisms in Action: concepts and applications in microbial ecology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, L. and Fester, R. (Eds) 1991. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Mass. 454pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, L. and Schwartz, K.V. 1988. Five Kingdoms. An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, New York. 376pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M.M. 1987. Invertebrate-Microbial Interactions. Ingested fungal enzymes in arthropod biology. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 148pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persley, G.J. (Ed.) 1990. Agricultural Biotechnology: opportunities for international development. CAB International, Wallingford. 495pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirozynski, K.A. and Weresub, L.K. 1979. A biogeographic view of the history of ascomycetes and the development of pleomorphism. In: Kendrick, [W.] B. (Ed.), The Whole Fungus, 1. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. Pp.93–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, P.W. 1988. An overview of organismal interactions in ecosystems in evolutionary and ecological time. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24:369–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, D.J. 1991. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems—nature’s response to the “Law of the Minimum”. In: Hawksworth, D.L., (Ed.), Frontiers in Mycology. CAB International, Wallingford. Pp. 101–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regenmortel, M.H.V. van 1990. Virus species, a much overlooked but essential concept in virus classification. Intervirology 31:241–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Round, F.E. 1981. The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, New York. [Not seen.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.C. and Douglas, A.E. 1987. The Biology of Symbiosis. Edward Arnold, London. 302pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P.H.A. 1989. Numerical taxonomy. In: Holt, J.C. (Ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 4. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Pp.2303–2305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogin, M.L. 1991. The phylogenetic significance of sequence diversity and length variations in eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions. In: Warren, L. and Koprowski, H. (Eds), New Perspectives on Evolution. Wiley-Liss, New York. Pp. 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solbrig, O.T. (Ed.) 1991. From Genes to Ecosystems: a research agenda for biodiversity. International Union of Biological Sciences, Cambridge, Mass. 124pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J.F., Botkin, D.B. and Dastoor, M.N. 1989. The integral biosphere. In: Rambler, M.B., Margulis, L. and Fester, R. (Eds), Global Ecology. Academic Press, San Diego. Pp.31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takishima, Y., Shimura, J., Udagawa, Y. and Sugawara, H. 1989. Guide to World Data Center on Microorganisms with a List of Culture Collections in the World. World Data Center on Microorganisms, Saitama. 249pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trüper, H.G. (in press). The prokaryotes, an overview with respect to biodiversity and environmental importance. Biodiversity and Conservation 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, L.G. (Ed.) 1987. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 37:463–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitcomb, R.F. and Hackett, K.J. 1989. Why are there so many species of mollicutes? An essay on prokaryote diversity. In: Knutson, L. and Stoner, A.K. (Eds), Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation: Global Imperatives. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp.205–240.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Woese, C.R., Kandier, O. and Wheelis, M.L. 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87:4567–4579.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Federation for Culture Collections 1990. Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms. World Federation for Culture Collections, Campinas. 16pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Brian Groombridge

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hawksworth, D.L. (1992). Microorganisms. In: Groombridge, B. (eds) Global Biodiversity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2282-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2282-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5012-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2282-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics