Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa pp 1333–1384Cite as

Ecosystem conservation in southern Africa

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Monographiae Biologicae ((MOBI,volume 31))

Abstract

Conservation thinking during the last decade has advanced dramatically from the conservative approaches developed during the preceding century. The new ideas embrace scientific, economic and social concepts with their roots in fields as diverse as the development of ecological research, the emergence of independent African states and the awakening of environmental consciousness throughout the world.

It is a great pleasure to record my gratitude to numerous friends and colleagues in the various conservation departments and research institutes of southern Africa for their generous assistance in obtaining recent data for inclusion in this review. Thanks are due in particular to D. Anstey, R. I. G. Attwell, M. Bruton, O. Bourquin, G. Child, K. H. Cooper, F. Costa, H. de Beer, G. de Graaff, B. De la Bat, J. du Preez, P. Dutton, A. J. Hall-Martin, J. Hanks, J. Millar, E. J. Moll, P. le S. Milstein, L. Oates, R. Parris,E.Reilly,K.L.Tinley,D.vandeZel,J.Vincent,W.R.Siegfried,M.J.A.Werger,P.H.S.vanZyl, W. von Richter, and R. G. Noble. Photographs are by the author.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackermann, D. P. 1977. The conservation role of forestry in South Africa. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Acocks, J. P. H. 1953. Veld types of South Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 28:1–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acocks, J. P. H. 1964. Karoo vegetation in relation to development of deserts. In: D. H. S. Davis (ed.), Ecological studies in Southern Africa. Junk, The Hague, pp. 100–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acocks, J. P. H. 1966. Non-selective grazing as a means of veld reclamation. Proc. Grassl. Soc. Sth. Afr. 1:31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allanson, B. R. 1973. Ecology of water areas. Paper read at International Symposium of Planning for Environmental Conservation, Pretoria 4–6 September 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,., R. 1959. Symposium on the classification of brackish waters. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol. 11 (Suppl.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,., R. 1972. Conclusoes e recomendacoes da reunião para o estudo dos problemas da fauna selvagem e protecção da natureza no ultramar portugues. Ministerio do Ultramar, Lisboa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,.. 1973. Report of the scientific committee. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 23:28–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,.. 1975a. Langebaan Lagoon. Can people and birds reach a compromise? Afr. Wildl. 29:10–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,.. 1975b. The distribution of presently protected areas in relation to the need for conservation of representative areas of unique biotic communities in Central and Southern Africa. SARCCUS, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous,.. 1976. A top point of view. Afr. Wildl. (New suppl.) 30:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, W. S. H. 1971. Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla. In: J. Meester & H. W. Setzer (eds.), The Mammals of Africa. An identification manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Parts 14, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anstey, D. G. & Hall-Martin, A. J. 1977. Present day status and future of nature conservation in Malawi. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell, R. I. G. 1970. Some effects of Lake Kariba on the ecology of a floodplain of the mid-Zambezi valley of Rhodesia. Biol. Cons. 2:189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell, R. I. G. 1971. Nature conservation and visitor impact, with particular reference to Rhodesia. In: Nature Conservation as a form of land use. SARCCUS, Pretoria, pp. 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, L A. G. 1970. Carta fitogeografica de Angola. IICA, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, A. W. & Tinley, K. L. 1966. The vegetation of the St. Lucia Lake Area. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the alleged threat to animal and plant life in St. Lucia Lake. Government Printer, Pretoria, pp. 344–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle, L. C. 1974. The inland waters of tropical Africa. Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. H. V. & Grimsdell, J. J. R. 1973. The persecuted black lechwe of Zambia. Oryx 12:77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, C. W. & Irwin, M. P. S. 1965. The birds of the Cryptosepalum forests, Zambia. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 1(29): 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, C. W. & White, C. M. N. 1957. Check list of the birds of Northern Rhodesia. Govt. Printer, Lusaka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, H. H. 1972. Flamingo breeding in the Etosha Pan, South West Africa, during 1971. Madoqua Ser. 1, 5:5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, P. F. 1976. Natal’s ghost crabs. Afr. Wildl. 30:35–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, P. B. & Surmon, L. C. 1974. Conservation and utilization of whales off the Natal coast. J. sth. Afr. Wild. Mgmt. Ass. 4:149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezuidenhout, B. 1976. The Rhodesian Mushandike Project. Paper read at a Symposium on Conservation Education, Skukuza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigalke, R. 1972. Nature conservation courses at Stellenbosch. Afr. Wildl. 26:36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaber, S. J. M. & Whitfield, A. K. 1976. Large scale mortality offish at St. Lucia. S. Afr. J. Sci. 72:218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D. K. & Loveridge, J. P. 1975. The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation. Biol. Cons. 8:261–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, C. 1973. Exploring a watery wilderness. Afr. Wildl. 27:114–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botha, L. 1977. Deepsea fisheries: implications in conservation. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothma, J. du P. 1975. Conservation status of the larger mammals of southern Africa. Biol. Cons. 7:87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothma, J. du P. 1977. Conservation education on the academic level in Southern Africa. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadley, D. G. 1974. The Lusitu forest. Wild Rhodesia 3:17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruton, M. 1974. Lake Sibaya. Afr. Wildl. 28:13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. C. 1973. The national park and reserve system in Botswana. Biol. Cons. 5:7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catto, G. G. 1976. Optimal production from a blesbok herd. Jnl. Environ. Mgmt. 4:95–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavaco, A. 1959. Contribution a l’étude de la Flore de la Lunda d’après les récoltes de Gossweiler (1946–1948). Publ. cult. Co. Diam. Ang. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, H. F. B. 1970. Aspects of the biology of Peneaus indicus (Milne Edward) with notes on associated penaeidae occurring off Natal on the east coast of South Africa. Unpublished report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, G. 1968. Behavior of large mammals during the formation of Lake Kariba. National Museums of Rhodesia, Salisbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, G. 1972. Report to the government of Botswana on the development of the wildlife industry. FAO TA 3083, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, G. 1977. Problems and progress in nature conservation in Rhodesia. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. 1975. Is Kruger Park becoming a barbed-wire test-tube? Afr. Wildl. 29:6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coke, M. & Pott, R. 1970. The Pongola Floodplain pans: A plan for conservation. Unpublished report to Natal Parks and Transvaal Provincial Administration, Pietermaritzburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. M. 1963. Vegetation and geomorphology in Northern Rhodesia. Geogr. J. 129:290–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H. & Slatyer, R. O. 1976. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Amer. Nat. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cottrell, C. B. & Loveridge, J. P. 1966. Observations on the Cryptosepalum forest of the Mwinilunga district of Zambia. Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Assoc. 51:77–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crass, R. S. 1976. A historical review of the St. Lucia system and its management problems. St. Lucia Scientific Advisory Council Workshop Meeting — Charters Creek, 15–17 February 1976. Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, L E. 1974. Marine and estuarine sanctuaries. Special scientific report No. 70. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, pp. 165–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronwright-Schreiner, S. C. 1925. The migratory Springbucks of South Africa. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling, F. F. 1960a. Wildlife in an African Territory. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling, F. F. 1960b. Wildlife husbandry in Africa. Scientific American 203:123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasmann, R. F. 1972. Towards a system for classifying natural regions of the world and their representation by national parks and reserves. Biol. Cons. 4:247–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasmann, R. F. 1975. The conservation alternative. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasmann, R. F. & Mossman. 1960. The economic value of Rhodesian game. Wildlife 2:8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B. R., Hall, A. & Jackson, P. B. N. 1975. Some ecological aspects of the Cabora Bassa dam. Biol. Cons. 8:189–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, J. L. & Jacka, R. D. 1975. Some notes on the waterbirds of Lake Ngami. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaberone.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beer, M. J. 1977. The status of nature conservation in the developing territories of South and South West Africa. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Graaff, G. 1973. Principles and Techniques for the management and conservation of fauna and flora in national parks and game reserves. Paper read at Symposium on Environmental Conservation, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Bat, B. J. G. 1977. An evaluation of the conservation areas and their importance to the economy of South West Africa. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Densham, W. D. 1974. A method of capture and translocation of wild herbivores using opaque plastic material and a helicopter. Lammergeyer 21:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, J. M. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol. Cons. 7:129–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J. E. W. & Blom, M. J. 1974. Some aquatic vertebrates from the Namib desert, South West Africa. Madoqua, Ser. 2, 3:31–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett, R. J. 1971. A preliminary survey of Zambia’s wetlands and waterfowl. Int. Wildfowl Res. Bur. Bull. 32:75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Plessis, S. S. 1976. Endangered species of the Transvaal. Proceedings of a Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in Southern Africa, pp. 9–13. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drury, W. H. & Nisbet, I. C. T. 1973. Succession. J. Arnold Arbor. 54:331–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. 1974. Survey to determine the adequacy of existing conserved areas in relation to vegetation types. Koedoe 17:2–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. 1977. Is there a need for strict control of nature reserves. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick & Jackson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanshawe, D. B. 1960. Evergreen forest relics in Northern Rhodesia. Kirkia 1:20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairall, N. 1976. Conservation and utilization of the fynbos. Unpublished Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosberg, F. R. 1963. Man’s place in the island ecosystem. Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosberg, F. R. 1967. A classification of vegetation for general purposes. IBP Handbook No. 4:73–120. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, C. W. & Smith, T. 1973. Characterizing stable populations: an application to the African elephant population. Jnl. Wildl. Mgmt. 37:513–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, P. G. H. 1971. Birds of our coasts and offshore waters. In: K. B. Newman (ed.), Birdlife in Southern Africa. Purnell, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, P. G. H., Siegfried, W. R. & Cooper, J. 1976. Conservation of the Jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus L). Biol. Cons. 9:79–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaigher, I. G. 1976. The status of freshwater fishes in the Cape “Fynbos” veldtype. Unpublished Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. V. 1972. Tourism and the environment. In: Tourism and the Environment. Government Printer, Salisbury, pp. 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giess, W. 1971. A preliminary Vegetation Map of South West Africa. Dinteria 4:1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, E. H. 1965. A world network of research reserves. New Scientist 14 Oct. 1965: 127–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig, J. C. 1976. Herpetology in south western Cape Fynbos. Unpublished Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grindley, J. R. 1974. Estuaries — an endangered habitat. Afr. Wildl. 28:23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grindley, J. R. 1975. The need for the establishment of marine reserves in South Africa. Proceedings of the Council for the Habitat Symposium on Coastal Lakes. Durban.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grindley, J. R. & Heydorn, A. E. F. 1970. Red water and associated phenomena in St. Lucia. S.A. J. Sci. 66:210–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haacke, W. D. 1976. The status of reptiles in Southern Africa. Proceedings of a symposium on Endangered Wildlife in Southern Africa, pp. 126–128. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harthoorn, A. M. & Van der Walt, K. 1974. Physiological aspects of forced exercise in wild ungulates with special reference to (so called) overstraining disease. I. Acid-base balance and PO2 levels in Blesbok. J. sth. Afr. Wild. Mgmt. Ass. 4:25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. V. 1976. Rare and endangered plant species survey. Unpublished Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. P. & Moreau, R. E. 1962. A study of the rare birds of Africa. Bull, of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 8:315–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall-Martin, A. J. 1975. Classification and ordination of forest and thicket vegetation of the Lengwe national park, Malawi. Kirkia 10:131–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg, O. & Hedberg, I. 1968. Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara. Acta Phytogeogr Suec. 54:1–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hey, D. 1976. The conservation of rare and endangered fauna and flora in the Province of the Cape of Good Hope. Proceedings of a Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in Southern Africa, pp. 19–21. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydorn, A. E. F. 1972. Tongaland’s coral reefs. Afr. Wildl. 26:20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydorn, A. E. F. 1973. The interdependence of marine and estuarine ecosystems in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 69:18–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, S. M. 1975. Savanna Ecosystem Project — Progress Report 1974/75. S. Afr. Nat. Sci. Prog. Rept. 3:1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmeyr, J. M. 1974. Developments in the capture and airlife of roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus equinus Desmarest) under narcosis to the Etosha National Park. Madoqua, Ser. I 8:37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1971a. Sea turtles — a case study for marine conservation in south east Africa. In: Nature conservation as a form of land use. SARCCUSS, Pretoria, pp. 115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1971b. The marine turtles of Tongaland 5. Lammergeyer 13:7–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1971c. Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Mozambique. Veterin. Mozamb. 4:45–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1972a. The olive Ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea in south east Africa. Biol. Cons. 4:128/134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1972b. The marine turtles of Tongaland 7. Lammergeyer 17:40–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1975. The marine turtles of Tongaland 8. Lammergeyer 22:9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R. 1976. Sea turtles in South East Africa. Proceedings of a Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in southern Africa, pp. 81–87. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R., Bass, A. J. & Mentis, M. T. 1967. Further studies on marine turtles in Tongaland.Lammergeyer 7:5–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. R., Huntley, B. J. & Wearne, D. 1973. Sea turtles in Angola. Biol. Cons. 5:58–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1965. A preliminary account of the Ngoye Forest Reserve, Zululand. Jnl. S. Afr. Bot. 31:177–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1972. The occupation of Parque Nacional da Quiçama by the firm ‘Pecuaria da Barra do Cuanza’. Unpublished report, Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1973a. Distribution and status of the larger mammals of Angola. Unpublished report, Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1973b. Proposals for the creation of a Strict Nature Reserve in the Maiombe Forest of Cabinda. Unpublished report, Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1974a. Vegetation and flora conservation in Angola. Unpublished report, Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1974b. Outlines of wildlife conservation in Angola. J. sth Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Assoc. 4:157–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1974c. Ecosystem conservation priorities in Angola. Unpublished report, Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, B. J. 1976. Angola: a situation report. Afr. Wildl. 30:10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. 1974a. United Nations List of national parks and equivalent reserves. IUCN Publ. N.S. 29:1–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. 1974b. Biotic provinces of the world. IUCN Occ. Publ. 9:1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. 1976. Marine life: our programme for global campaign. IUCN Bull. 7:37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, P. A. 1975. Evaluation of a Rhodesia game ranch. J. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Ass. 5:43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, D. M. 1975. Gorongosa. Afr. Wildl. 29:36–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, E. 1974. The development of wildlife utilization in South West Africa. J. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Ass. 4:35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jubb, R. A. 1972. Disappearing river fishes. Afr. Wildl. 26:48–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketchum, B. H. (ed.). 1972. The water’s edge: critical problems of the coastal zone. MIT Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killick, D. J. B. 1963. An account of the plant ecology of the Cathedral Peak area of the Natal Drakensberg. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 34:1–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, F. J. 1977. Ecological reserves in the Cape fynbos: toward a strategy for conservation. S. Afr. J. Sci. 73:81–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamprey, H. F. 1975. The distribution of protected areas in relation to the needs of biotic community conservation in eastern Africa. IUCN Occ. Paper 16:1–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, R. M. 1963. Paleo-ecological and ecological studies in the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia. Kirkia 3:46–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, R. M. 1964. The ecology of the Marquesia acuminata (Gilg) R.E.FR. evergreen forests and the related chipya vegetation types of north-eastern Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 52:467–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, A. 1933. Game Management. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mac Arthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macedo, J. M. de A. 1970. Serra da Gorongosa: Necessidade e bases da sua protecçaõ. Inst. Inv. Agron. de Moc. Comm. 44:1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A. 1974. St. Croix — die anderkant van die storie. Afr. Wildl. 28:20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado, A. de B. 1952. Generalidades acerca da Lunda e da sua exploraçaõ biologica. Publ. cult. Co. Diam Ang 12:1–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelmore, A. P. G. 1939. Observations on tropical African grasslands. J. Ecol. 27:282–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milstein, P. le S. & Zaloumis, E. A. 1976. Threatened wetland habitat and associated species. Proceedings of a Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in southern Africa, pp. 105–115. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monod, T. 1971. Remarques sur les symetries floristiques de zones seches nord et sud en Afrique. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10:375–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moll, E. J. 1968. Some notes on the vegetation of Mkuzi game reserve. Lammergeyer 8:25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moll, E. J., Ward, C. J., Steinke, T. D. & Cooper, K. H. 1971. Our mangroves threatened. Afr. Wildl. 25:103–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, R. E. 1966. The bird faunas of Africa and its islands. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musil, C. F. 1973. Water plants of Natal. Wildl. Soc, Pinetown.

    Google Scholar 

  • NACOR. 1974. Register of permanent conservation areas in South and South West Africa. Koedoe 17:85–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, E. M. 1968. Handbook to the conservation section of the International Biological Programme. IBP Handbook No. 5:1–85. Black well, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, R. G. 1974. An evaluation of the conservation status of aquatic biotopes. Koedoe 17:71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nougeira, C. Pinto. 1975. Conservaçaõ do Ambiente em Angola. Unpublished report. Serviços de Veterinaria, Luanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ntloko, M. 1977. Is there a place for nature conservation in the Transkei? Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oelofse, J. 1970. Plastic for game catching. Oryx 10:306–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. S. C. 1975. A census of ostriches in the Makgadikgadi pans. Unpubl. Report, Dept. Wildlife & Nat. Parks, Gaberone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parris, R. 1976. A study of the major components of the Kalahari pan ecosystem. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parris, R. & Child, G. 1973. The importance of pans to wildlife in the Kalahari and the effect of human settlement on these areas. J. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Assoc. 3:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterken, G. F. 1967. Guide to the Check Sheet for IBP areas. IBP Handbook No. 4. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterken, G. F. 1968. International selection of areas for reserves. Biol. Cons. 2:55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. 1977. Advances in nature conservation in Lesotho. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pienaar, U. de V. 1967. The field immobilization and capture of hippopotimi in their aquatic element. Koedoe 10:149–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pienaar, U. de V. 1977. Research objectives in South African national parks. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, T. & Tedder, A. J. 1973. Rediscovery of Oreodaimon quathlambae Barnard. Lammergeyer 19:9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pooley, A. C. 1976. The status of the Nile crocodile in the Republic of South Africa. Proceedings of a Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in southern Africa, pp. 122–125. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, J. S. & Cooper, U. 1975. The Palaearctic wader population of Langebaan Lagoon. Ostrich 46:213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, R. W. 1973a. Management of South African fur seals. J. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Assoc. 3:85–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, R. 1973b. The case for controlled killing of the Cape fur seal. Afr. Wildl. 27:64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rau, R. 1971. Cape reserve for one of the world’s rarest tortoises. Afr. Wildl. 25:95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, G. C. 1975. A preliminary classification of coastal and marine environments. IUCN Occ. Paper 14:1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, D. 1976. The Umgeni Valley Project. Paper read at a Symposium on Conservation Education, Skukuza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, S. D. & Heinrich, G. H. 1966. Additions to the avifauna of Northern Angola. II Postilla 95:1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, G. A. 1974. Tsitsikama Coastal Park. Afr. Wildl. 28:22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, G. A. 1976. Threatened marine fauna and habitat types. Proceedings of the Symposium on Endangered Wildlife in southern Africa, pp. 74–80. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, G. A. 1977. Marine conservation in the Republic of South Africa with special reference to marine parks and reserves. Koedoe (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, G. 1973. Are the whales coming right? Afr. Wildl. 27:7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saayman, G. S., Bouwer, D. & Tayler, C. K. 1972. Observations on inshore and pelagic dolphins on the south eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Koedoe 15:1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. 1875. On the changes going on in the vegetation of South Africa through the introduction of marino sheep. J. Linn. Soc. London 14:202–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, W. R. 1970. Wildfowl distribution, conservation and research in southern Africa. Wildfowl 21:89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, W. R. 1972. The bird nobody knows about. Afr. Wildl. 26:156–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, W. R., Frost, P. G. H., Cooper, J. & Kemp, A. C. 1976. South African Red Data Book — Aves. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 7:1–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. S. & Abele, L. G. 1976. Island biogeography theory and conservation practice. Science 191:285–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatyer, R. O. 1975. Ecological reserves: size, structure and management. In: F. Fenner (ed.), A national system of ecological reserves in Australia. Repts. Austr. Acad. Sci. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smuts, J. C. 1926. Holism and Evolution. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, A. Gomes E. 1955. A protecçaõ da Natureza em Ultramar Português, especialmente em Moçambique. Biol. Soc. Est. Mozamb. 25:3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, A., Gomes E. 1968. Reservas florestais de Moçambique. Communicações I.I.A.M. 10:1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starfleld, A. M., Smuts, G. L. & Shiell, J. D. 1976. A simple wildebeest population model and its application. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 6:95–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16:284–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tayler, C. K. & Saayman, G. S. 1974. The social organization and behaviour of dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and baboons (Papio ursinus) some comparisons and assessments. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 9:11–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, J. B. 1968. Parque Nacional do Bicuari. Carta da vegetaçaõ e memoria descritiva. IIAA, Nova Lisboa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, J. B., Matos, G. C. & Sousa, J. N. B. 1967. Parque Nacional de Quiçama. Carta da vegetaçaõ e memoria descritiva. IIAA, Nova Lisboa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1964a. Summary of an ecological survey of Ndumu Game Reserve, Tongaland. Unpublished Report to Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1964b. Fishing methods of the Thonga tribe in north-eastern Zululand and southern Moçambique. Lammergeyer 3:9–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1969. The ecological limits of Gorongosa National Park, Moçambique. Cyclostyled. Serviços de Veterinaria, Lourenço Marques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1971a. The conservation of ecosystems and tourist impact upon these and their custodians. In: Nature Conservation as a form of land use. SARCCUS, Pretoria, pp. 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1971b. Determinants of coastal conservation: Dynamics and diversity of the environment as exemplified by the Moçambique coast. In: Nature Conservation as a form of land use. SARCCUS, Pretoria, pp. 125–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1971c. Sketch of Gorongosa National Park. In: Nature Conservation as a form of land use. SARCCUS, Pretoria, pp. 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1975a. Marromeu — wrecked by the big dams. Afr. Wildl. 24:22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1975b. Habitat physiognomy, structure and relationships. Die Soogdiernavor- singsinstituut 1966–1975. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, pp. 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. 1976. Implications of planning natural areas in Africa. Paper read at a Symposium on Planning of National Parks and Nature Reserves. SARCCUS, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L. & Dias, A. H. G. de Sousa. 1973. Wildlife reconnaissance of the mid-Zambesi valley in Mocambique before formation of the Cabora Bassa dam. Veterinaria Moçambicana 6:103–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinley, K. L., Rosinha, A. J., Tello, J. L. P. L. & Dutton, T. P. 1976. Wildlife and wild places in Moçambique. Oryx 13:344–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Merwe, T. 1974. The rarest Protea of the Fairest Cape. Afr. Wildl. 28:28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Schÿff, H. P. 1969. The affinities of the flora of the Kruger National Park. Kirkia 7:109–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. & Werger, M. J. A. 1974. Environment, vegetation and phytogeography of the high-altitude bogs of Lesotho. Vegetatio 29:37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zyl, P. H. S. 1976. The national hiking way system. Paper read at a Conference on mountain environments in South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venter, H. J. T. 1969. ’n Ekologiese studie van die plantegroei van die Ubisanavallei, Ngoye-berg, Zoeloeland. Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskappe 9:28–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volk, O. H. 1966. Die Florengebiete von Südwestafrika. J.S.W.A. Wissensch. Gesellsch. 20:25–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Richter, W. 1974. Survey of the adequacy of existing conserved areas in relation to wild animal species. Koedoe 17:39–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Richter, W. 1975. Major vegetation types in relation to existing national parks and game reserves in Botswana. SARCCUS, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Richter, W. & Butynski, T. M. 1974. Wildlife utilization in Botswana: a review and evaluation of hunter returns as a source of administrative and biological data. Jnl. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Ass. 4:167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Richter, W. & Passineau. 1976. Endangered wildlife species in Botswana. Unpublished Report, Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism, Gaberone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wager, V. 1972. Kosi Bay. Afr. Wild. 26:81–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B. H. 1973. Wildlife and the university. Wild Rhodesia 1:8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B. H. 1974. An appraisal of the systems approach to research on and management of African wildlife ecosystems. Jnl. sth. Afr. Wildl. Mgmt. Ass. 4:129–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. H. & Van der Elst, R. D. 1975. The estuarine fishes of the east coast of South Africa. Investigational Reports of the Oceanographic Research Institute 42:1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1976. Die ökologischen Systeme der Kontinente: Biogeosphäre. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werger, M. J. A. 1973a. American and African arid disjunctions. Pollination and dispersal, pp. 117–124. Fac. Science, Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werger, M. J. A. 1973b. Notes on the phytogeographic affinities of the Southern Kalahari. Bothalia 11:177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werger, M. J. A. 1977. Applicability of Zürich-Montpellier methods in African tropical and subtropical range lands. In: W. Krause (ed.), Handbook of vegetation science. Vol. 13, pp. 147–159. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westhoff, V. 1971. The dynamic structure of plant communities in relation to the objectives of conservation. In: Duffey & Watt (eds.), The scientific management of animal and plant communities for conservation. Blackwell, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, F. 1965. The savanna woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domains: an ecological and phytogeographic comparison. Webbia 19:651–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, F. 1968. Zambia. Acta Phytogeogr Suec. 54:208–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, H. & Barbosa, L. A. Grandvaux 1967. Vegetation Map of the Flora Zambesiaca Area. Flora Zambesiaca Suppl. Commins, Salisbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, S. W. & Milstein, P. le S. 1976. Rediscovery of the White winged fluff-tail in South Africa. Bokmakierie 28:33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaloumis, E. A. & Milstein, P. le S. 1975. The conservation of wetland habitats for water fowl in southern Africa. Afr. Wild. Suppl. to Vol. 29:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. B. J. Huntley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geobotany, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

    M. J. A. Werger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Dr W. Junk bv Publishers The Hague

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huntley, B.J. (1978). Ecosystem conservation in southern Africa. In: Werger, M.J.A. (eds) Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9951-0_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9951-0_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-009-9953-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-9951-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation