Abstract
Like all maritime nations, Canada is today faced with rapid coastal development and marine resource overexploitation and must balance the demands of multiple users—commercial and recreational fishing, energy, transportation, aquaculture, indigenous peoples, and citizens living on the coast, to name a few. To this end, Canada’s Oceans Act (SC 1996, c 31) calls for Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) to lead and facilitate ‘integrated management’ (IM) of coastal and marine space. This chapter examines discourses around, and the implementation of, integrated management in the Annapolis Basin, Nova Scotia, in Canada’s Bay of Fundy on the Atlantic coast. There, a community-driven, meagerly-funded approach to a crisis in the clam harvest brokered by a trusted community organization. Due in part to an imbalance of power between dominant and non-dominant policy discourses operating in the Annapolis Basin, no substantial institutional change resulted, and clam harvesters lost access to the resources upon which their livelihoods are based. This chapter uses an interdisciplinary conceptual framework and discursive policy analysis to describe and evaluate three policy discourses: food safety, the tragedy of the community, and subsistence and local economies, to illuminate the role of policy discourses in shaping access to natural resources and to policy making processes.
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Notes
- 1.
Part of a Community-University Research Alliance funded by the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. For more information see www.coastalcura.ca.
- 2.
While aquaculture licences are typically 25 m from the mean low water level, the provincial Minister may issue licences up to the high water mark (Wiber and Bull 2009).
- 3.
This resulted in a 3-year project funded at almost CAN$ 200,000 in federal funding (Wiber and Bull 2009).
- 4.
All 13 Chiefs and Councils supported the letter. In it, Muese argued that the DFO must consult with the First Nations due to treaty rights including land title. The letter outlines the details of this process.
- 5.
- 6.
Meeting minutes, Yarmouth NS, January 30 2007, recorded by DFO.
- 7.
Press release, MRC, April 2008.
- 8.
Press release, MRC, April 2008. See Wiber and Bull (2009) for more on research into quahog population dynamics post-privatisation in St. Mary’s bay.
- 9.
The new approach adopted by the US FDA and required of its suppliers controls risk by identifying and managing ‘critical control points’, which is a shift from test-based (for some pathogen at some point in the system) or command and control to a mostly process-based assessment (Unnevehr and Jensen 1999).
- 10.
Ibid
- 11.
According to the website of the Unama’ki Institute of Natural Resources, in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, “Netukulimk is the use of the natural bounty provided by the Creator for the self-support and well-being of the individual and the community. Netukulimk is achieving adequate standards of community nutrition and economic well-being without jeopardizing the integrity, diversity, or productivity of our environment. As Mi’kmaq we have an inherent right to access and use our resources and we have have a responsibility to use those resources in a sustainable way. The Mi’kmaq way of resource management includes a spiritual element that ties together people, plants, animals, and the environment.” Accessible at http://www.uinr.ca/2009/01/netukulimk/
- 12.
A regional chain of second hand clothing stores.
- 13.
From T. Wilkinson, “Blue Fishin’”.
- 14.
From T. Wilkinson, “Clear Waters”.
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Wilner, K. (2014). The Unfulfilled Promise of Integrated Management: How Policy Discourses Operate in Annapolis Basin, Canada. In: Urquhart, J., Acott, T., Symes, D., Zhao, M. (eds) Social Issues in Sustainable Fisheries Management. MARE Publication Series, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7911-2_5
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