Abstract
This chapter provides information useful for effectively confronting the negative stereotypes within the halls of higher education that distribute assertions of inadequacy and also declarations of entitlement. The ultimate goal is to shed light on this climate, the infrastructure that currently exists, and to ultimately show that this infrastructure is a major contributor to the lack of participation by African Americans in scientific fields. This chapter traces historically the idea of perceived racial inferiority in regard to African Americans and how that label has inhibited the full participation or inclusion of African Americans in science and other human endeavors. This chapter focuses on the historical and political underpinnings of the misuse of science and how that misuse has influenced modern conceptions of African Americans, specifically, the discriminatory ideologies that framed science in regard to African Americans, the conceptions that resulted from these foundational ideologies, and the subtleties embedded within the present infrastructure of society that are the residuals of these ideologies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Lederman, N. G. (2000). Improving science teachers’ conceptions of the nature of science: A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Science Education, 22, 665–701.
American Association for the Advancement of Science. (1989). Project 2061. Science for all Americans. Washington, DC: AAAS.
American Association for the Advancement of Science. (1993). Project 2061. Benchmarks for scientific literacy. Washington, DC: AAAS.
American Association for the Advancement of Science. (1998). Project 2061. Blueprints for reform in science, mathematics, and technology education. Washington, DC: AAAS.
Apple, M. W. (1986). Ideology and curriculum (2nd ed.). New York/London: Routledge.
Atwater, M., Wiggins, J., & Gardner, C. (1995). A study of urban middle school students with high and low attitudes towards science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(6), 665–677.
Bierstede, R. (1981). American sociological theory. New York: Academic Press.
Brigham, C. (1923). A study of American intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Buffon, G. L. L. (1797). Barr’s Buffon: Buffon’s natural history-Containing a theory of the earth, a general history of man, of the brute creation, and of vegetables, minerals, etc. (J. S. Barr, Trans). London: H. D. Symonds.
Dennis, R. M. (1995). Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race. Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 243–252.
Entman, R. (1994). Representation and reality in the portrayal of blacks in network television news. Journalism Quarterly, 71(3), 509–520.
Franklin, A., & Franklin, N. (2000). Invisibility syndrome: A clinical model of the effects of racism on African American males. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Incorporating, 70(1), 33–41.
Glasson, G., & Bentley, M. (1999). Epistemological undercurrents in scientists’ reporting of research to teachers. Science Education, 84, 469–485.
Gobineau, A. (1915). The inequality of human race, Vol. I (A. Collins, Trans.). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son’s. (Original work published 1853)
Gordon, E. T., Gordon, E. W., & Nembhard, J. G. (1994). Social science literature concerning African American men. Journal of Negro Education, 63, 508–531.
Grant, N. (1992). “Scientific” racism: What price objectivity. Scottish Educational Review, 24(1), 24–31.
Greene, J. C. (1963). Imperialism. London: Allen & Unwin.
Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatric Incorporating, 70(1), 42–57.
Hernstein, R., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press.
Hines, M. (2002). A science educator, a sociologist, a historian, and a social studies educator on race in US history. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 5(1), 107–123.
Johnson, R. C. (1992). Providing African American students access to science and mathematics (Research report #2). Cleveland, OH: Urban Child Research Center.
Jorgensen, C. (1995). The African American critique of white supremacist science. Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 232–242.
Kardiner, A., & Ovessey, L. (1951). The mark of oppression: A psychosocial study of the American Negro. New York: Norton.
Leary, W. E. (1996, October 24). Discrimination may affect risk of high blood pressure in blacks. New York Times, p. A20.
Lederman, N. G., Khalick, F. A., Bell, R. L., & Schwartz, R. S. (2002). Views of nature of science questionnaire: Towards valid and meaningful assessment of learners’ conceptions of nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39, 497–521.
Lewis, B. (2003). The under-representation of African Americans in science: A review of the literature. Paper presented at the National Association of Research in Science Teaching, Philadelphia.
Lichter, S. R., Lichter, L. S., Rothman, S., & Amundson, D. (1987, July/August). Prime-time prejudice: TV’s images of Blacks and Hispanics. Public Opinion, pp. 13–16.
Montagu, A. (1965). The idea of race. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
National Research Council. (1996). National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Science Foundation. (2004a). Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations of U.S. Department of education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey, 1997–2001.
National Science Foundation. (2004b). An emerging and critical problem of the science and engineering labor force: A companion to science and engineering indicators. www.nsf.goi>/she/srs/nsb04O7/start.htm. Last accessed Apr 2011.
Norman, O. (1998). Marginalized discourses and scientific literacy. Journal of Research in Science Education, 35(4), 365–374.
Oakes, J. (1982). The ruling race. New York: Random House.
Oakes, J. (1990a). Lost talent: The underparticipation of women, minorities, and disabled students in science. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
Oakes, J. (1990b). Multiplying inequalities: The effects of race, social class, and tracking on opportunities to learn mathematics and science. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
Perkinson, H. J. (1991). The imperfect panacea: American faith in education 1865–1990 (3rd ed., pp. 40–61). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Popper, K. R. (1992). The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge. (Original work published 1934)
Power, J. G., Murphy, S. T., & Coover, G. (1996). Priming prejudice: How stereotypes and counter-stereotypes influence attribution of responsibility and credibility among in-groups and out-groups. Human Communication Research, 23(1), 36–58.
Russell, M. L., & Atwater, M. M. (2005). Traveling the road to success: A discourse on persistence throughout the science pipeline with African American students at a predominantly white institution. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42(6), 691–715.
Schiebinger, L. (1989). The mind has no sex? Women in the origins of modern science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smyth, F., & McArdle, J. (2002). Ethnic and gender differences in science graduation at selective colleges with implications for admission policy and college choice. Paper presented at the 2002 American Educational Research Association (AERA) annual meeting, New Orleans, LA.
Spencer, H. (1874). The study of sociology. New York: Appleton.
Stanfield, J. H. (1995). The myth of race and the human sciences. Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 218–231.
Steppan, N. L., & Gilman, S. L. (1993). Appropriating the idioms of science: The rejection of scientific racism. In S. Harding (Ed.), The racial economy of science. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Synder, L. L. (1962). The idea of racialism. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand.
Tatum, B. D. (1997). Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? Basic Books. (1944). The life and selected writings of Thomas Jefferson (p. 262). New York: Modern Library.
Turner, J. H. (1984). Oppression: A socio-history of black-white relations in America. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
Vera, H., & Feagin, J. R. (1995). Superior intellect?: Sincere fictions of the white self. Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 295–306.
Weiss, T. (2009). The 10 hardest jobs to fill in America. http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/03/hard-jobs-fill-leadership-careersemployment.html. Last accessed Apr 2011.
Yeakey, C. C., & Bennett, C. T. (1990). Race, schooling, and class in American society. Journal of Negro Education, 59(1), 3–18.
Yeakey, C. C., & Johnston, G. S. (1979). A review essay. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 49(2), 353–359.
Zappardino, P. (1995). Science, intelligence, and educational policy: The mismeasure of Frankenstein. Presented at the AERA/NCME Annual Conference, 2–10. CA: San Francisco.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Green, A.M. (2014). The Systematic Misuse of Science. In: Atwater, M., Russell, M., Butler, M. (eds) Multicultural Science Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7651-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7651-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7650-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7651-7
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)