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PAMP Signals in Plant Innate Immunity pp 1–16Cite as

Introduction

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Part of the book series: Signaling and Communication in Plants ((SIGCOMM,volume 21))

Abstract

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms in plants. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are the classical activators of immune responses. These are alarm signal molecules are perceived as ‘nonself’ by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to switch on the plant immune responses. PAMPs are not only detected in pathogens, but also detected in nonpathogens and even in saprophytes. The PAMPs are often called as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). MAMPs are molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes and their recognition by PRRs activates the plant innate immunity. Most of the PRRs are receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and RLKs are proteins with a “receptor” and a “signaling domain” in one molecule. The extracellular domains of RLKs bind directly to legands to perceive extracellular signals, whereas the cytoplasmic kinase domains transduce these signals into the cell. PRRs interact with additional transmembrane proteins which act as “signaling amplifiers”. PAMPs induce autophosphorylation of the kinase domain of PRRs and the autophosphorylated PRRs are translocated to endosomes. The biogenesis of trans-membrane PRRs occurs through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the aid of ER-resident chaperones. The PRR in ER is transported from ER to plasma membrane and N-glycosylation of PRRs is required for the transport of PRRs. Second messengers deliver the information generated by the PAMP/PRR signaling complex to the proteins which decode/interpret signals to initiate defense gene expression. Calcium ion is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger involved in various defense signaling pathways. Ca2+ is a master regulator of gene expression in plants. Calcium signatures are recognized by calcium sensors to transduce calcium-mediated signals into downstream events. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G-proteins) act as molecular switches in signal transduction system. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses in plants. Reactive oxygen species is a second messenger in transmitting the PAMP signal. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible second messenger acting in cellular signal transduction through stimulus-coupled S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues. The plant hormones salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids play important role in immune response signaling. Plant hormones activate different signaling pathways inducing distinctly different defense genes. These signaling pathways can crosstalk with each other and this crosstalk helps the plant to “decide” which defensive strategy to follow, depending on the type of attacker it is encountering. Potential pathogens produce several effectors to nullify the defense responses induced by the innate immune system. Pathogens may also hijack some signaling systems to cause disease. The war between the plant and pathogen appears to be in fine-tuning the signaling systems to cause disease or to enhance host defense response. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of plant innate immunity have opened new era in developing potential tools in management of crop diseases.

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  1. Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    P. Vidhyasekaran

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Vidhyasekaran, P. (2014). Introduction. In: PAMP Signals in Plant Innate Immunity. Signaling and Communication in Plants, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7426-1_1

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