Skip to main content

Singing in Space and Time: The Biology of Birdsong

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The variation and complexity of songbird vocalisations is striking, with some birds singing up to 1,000 different song variants. Why do songbirds sing so much and such complex songs? This chapter will provide an overview over how song is controlled and acquired, how and what kind of information is coded in different singing styles and to what features receivers attend to, thereby showing how structure is linked to function. Bird song plays a crucial role in resource defense and mate attraction, allowing us to identify the potential fitness benefits of specific singing traits. Here we review and integrate some of the key contemporary topics such as advances in understanding how early development affects signals and receiver decision rules and how information is signalled in bird communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amrhein V, Kunc HP, Naguib M (2004) Non-territorial nightingales prospect territories during the dawn chorus. Proc R Soc B 271:S167–S169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amy M, Sprau P, de Goede P, Naguib M (2010) Effects of personality on territory defence in communication networks: a playback experiment with radio-tagged great tits. Proc R Soc B 277:3685–3692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araya-Salas M (2012) Is birdsong music? Evaluating harmonic intervals in songs of a Neotropical songbird. Anim Behav 84:309–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balaban E (1988) Cultural and genetic variation in swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) I. Song variation, genetic variation, and their relationship. Behaviour 105:250–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballentine B, Hyman J, Nowicki S (2004) Vocal performance influences female response to male bird song: an experimental test. Behav Ecol 15:163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bensch S, Hasselquist D (1992) Evidence for active female choice in a polygynous warbler. Anim Behav 44:301–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolhuis JJ, Gahr M (2006) Neural mechanisms of birdsong memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:347–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolhuis JJ, Okanoya K, Scharff C (2010) Twitter evolution: converging mechanisms in birdsong and human speech. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:747–759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brumm H, Zollinger SA, Slater PJB (2009) Developmental stress affects song learning but not song complexity and vocal amplitude in zebra finches. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63:1387–1395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan KL, Spencer KA, Goldsmith AR, Catchpole CK (2003) Song as an honest signal of past developmental stress in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Proc R Soc B 270:1149–1156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catchpole CK (1980) Sexual selection and the evolution of complex songs among European warblers of the genus Acrocephalus. Behaviour 74:149–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catchpole CK (1983) Variation in the song of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus in relation to mate attraction and territorial defense. Anim Behav 31:1217–1225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catchpole CK, Slater PJB (2008) Bird song: biological themes and variations, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton NS (1990) Subspecies recognition and song learning in zebra finches. Anim Behav 40:1009–1017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalziell AH, Magrath RD (2012) Fooling the experts: accurate vocal mimicry in the song of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Anim Behav 83:1401–1410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doupe AJ, Kuhl PK (1999) Birdsong and human speech: common themes and mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:567–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draganoiu TI, Nagle L, Kreutzer M (2002) Directional female preference for an exaggerated male trait in canary (Serinus canaria) song. Proc R Soc B 269:2525–2531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Earp SE, Maney DL (2012) Birdsong: is it music to their ears? Front Evol Neurosci 4:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher SE, Scharff C (2009) FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language. Trends Genet 25:166–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flower TP, Gribble M (2012) Kleptoparasitism by attacks versus false alarm calls in fork-tailed drongos. Anim Behav 83:403–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forstmeier W, Kempenaers B, Meyer A, Leisler B (2002) A novel song parameter correlates with extra-pair paternity and reflects male longevity. Proc R Soc B 269:1479–1485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garamszegi LZ, Eens M, Pavlova DZ, Aviles J, Moller AP (2007) A comparative study of the function of heterospecific vocal mimicry in European passerines. Behav Ecol 18:1001–1009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geberzahn N, Hultsch H, Todt D (2002) Latent song type memories are accessible through auditory stimulation in a hand-reared songbird. Anim Behav 64:783–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil D, Gahr M (2002) The honesty of bird song: multiple constraints for multiple traits. Trends Ecol Evol 17:133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godard R (1991) Long-term memory of individual neighbors in a migratory songbird. Nature 350:228–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grabowska-Zhang AM, Sheldon BC, Hinde CA (2012a) Long-term familiarity promotes joining in neighbour nest defence. Biol Lett 8:544–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grabowska-Zhang AM, Wilkin TA, Sheldon BC (2012b) Effects of neighbor familiarity on reproductive success in the great tit (Parus major). Behav Ecol 23:322–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall ML (2004) A review of hypotheses for the functions of avian duetting. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 55:415–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall ML (2009) A review of vocal duetting in birds. Adv Study Behav 40:67–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselquist D, Svon B, Schantz T (1996) Correlation between male song repertoire, extra-pair paternity and offspring survival in the great reed warbler. Nature 381:229–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoese WJ, Podos J, Boetticher NC, Nowicki S (2000) Vocal tract function in birdsong production: experimental manipulation of beak movements. J Exp Biol 203:1845–1855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holveck MJ, Riebel K (2010) Low-quality females prefer low-quality males when choosing a mate. Proc R Soc B 277:153–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holveck MJ, de Castro ACV, Lachlan RF, ten Cate C, Riebel K (2008) Accuracy of song syntax learning and singing consistency signal early condition in zebra finches. Behav Ecol 19:1267–1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illes AE, Yunes-Jimenez L (2009) A female songbird out-sings male conspecifics during simulated territorial intrusions. Proc R Soc B 276:981–986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kacelnik A, Krebs JR (1983) The dawn chorus in the great tit (Parus major): proximate and ultimate causes. Behaviour 83:287–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley LA, Coe RL, Madden JR, Healy SD (2008) Vocal mimicry in songbirds. Anim Behav 76:521–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroodsma DE, Vielliard JME, Stiles FG (1996) Study of bird sounds in the neo-tropics: urgency and opportunity. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Comstock, Ithaca/London, pp 268–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunc HP, Amrhein V, Naguib M (2005) Seasonal variation of dawn song and its relation to mating success in the nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos). Anim Behav 70:1265–1271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunc HP, Amrhein V, Naguib M (2006) Vocal interactions in nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos): more aggressive males have higher pairing success. Anim Behav 72:25–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachlan RF, Feldman MW (2003) Evolution of cultural communication systems: the coevolution of cultural signals and genes encoding learning preferences. J Evol Biol 16:1084–1085

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachlan RF, Nowicki S (2012) How reliable is song learning accuracy as a signal of male early condition? Am Nat 180:751–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langmore NE (1998) Functions of duet and solo songs of female birds. Trends Ecol Evol 13:136–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauay C, Gerlach NM, Adkins-Regan E, Devoogd TJ (2004) Female zebra finches require early song exposure to prefer high-quality song as adults. Anim Behav 68:1249–1255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Ball GF (1999) Comparative studies of sex differences in the song-control system of songbirds. Trends Neurosci 22:432–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marler P (1997) Three models of song learning: evidence from behavior. J Neurobiol 33:501–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marler P (2004) Bird calls: a cornucopia for communication. In: Marler P, Slabbekoorn H (eds) Nature’s music: the science of birdsong. Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Marler P, Tamura M (1964) Culturally transmitted patterns of vocal behavior in sparrows. Science 146:1483–1486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor PK, Avery MI (1986) The unsung songs of great tits (Parus-Major) – learning neighbors songs for discrimination. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 18:311–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor PK, Krebs JR (1982) Mating and song types in the great tit. Nature 297:60–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller DB (1979) Long-term recognition of father’s song by female zebra finches. Nature 280:389–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M (2005) Singing interactions in song birds: implications for social relations, territoriality and territorial settlement. In: McGregor PK (ed) Communication networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 300–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M, Mennill D (2010) The signal value of bird song: empirical evidence suggests song overlapping is a signal. Anim Behav 80:e11–e15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M, Riebel K (2006) Bird song: a key model in animal communication. In: Brown K (ed) Encyclopedia for language and linguistics, vol 2, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Boston, pp 40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M, Amrhein V, Kunc HP (2004) Effects of territorial intrusions on eavesdropping neighbors: communication networks in nightingales. Behav Ecol 6:1011–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M, Kunc HP, Sprau P, Roth T, Amrhein V (2011) Communication networks and spatial ecology in nightingales. Adv Study Behav 43:239–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DA (2000) A preference for own-subspecies’ song guides vocal learning in a song bird. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:13348–13353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowicki S, Peters S, Podos J (1998) Song learning, early nutrition and sexual selection in songbirds. Am Zool 38:179–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Peake TM (2005) Communication networks. In: McGregor PK (ed) Communication networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Podos J (1997) A performance constraint on the evolution of trilled vocalizations in a songbird family (Passeriformes: Emberizidae). Evolution 51:537–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K (2000) Early exposure leads to repeatable preferences for male song in female zebra finches. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:2553–2558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K (2003a) Developmental influences on auditory perception in female zebra finches – is there a sensitive phase for song preference learning? Anim Biol 53:73–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K (2003b) The “mute” sex revisited: vocal production and perception learning in female songbirds. Adv Study Behav 33:49–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K (2009) Song and female mate choice in zebra finches: a review. Adv Study Behav 40:197–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K, Hall ML, Langmore NE (2005) Female songbirds still struggling to be heard. Trends Ecol Evol 20:419–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riebel K, Naguib M, Gil D (2009) Experimental manipulation of the rearing environment influences adult female zebra finch song preferences. Anim Behav 78:1397–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie GRS, Kirby S, Hawkey DJC (2008) Song learning as an indicator mechanism: modelling the developmental stress hypothesis. J Theor Biol 251:570–583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth T, Sprau P, Schmidt R, Naguib M, Amrhein V (2009) Sex-specific timing of mate searching and territory prospecting in the nightingale: nocturnal life of females. Proc R Soc B 276:2045–2050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg D, Roeske TC, Voss HU, Naguib M, Tchernichovski O (2013) Investigation of musicality in birdsong. Hear Res (in press) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.08.016. The manuscript is now online first at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595513002141

  • Schmidt R, Kunc HP, Amrhein V, Naguib M (2008) Aggressive responses to broadband trills are related to subsequent pairing success in nightingales. Behav Ecol 19:635–641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy WA, Yasukawa K (1996) Song and female choice. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp 454–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater PJB (1986) The cultural transmission of bird song. Trends Ecol Evol 1:94–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slater PJB (2003) Fifty years of bird song research: a case study in animal behaviour. Anim Behav 65:633–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater PJB, Clements FA, Goodfellow DJ (1984) Local and regional variations in chaffinch song and the question of dialects. Behaviour 88:76–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer KA, MacDougall-Shackleton SA (2011) Indicators of development as sexually selected traits: the developmental stress hypothesis in context. Behav Ecol 22:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprau P, Schmidt R, Roth T, Amrhein V, Naguib M (2010) Effects of rapid broadband trills on responses to song overlapping in nightingales. Ethology 115:300–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staicer CA, Spector DA, Horn AG (1996) The dawn chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddard PK (1996) Vocal recognition of neighbors by territorial passerines. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp 356–376

    Google Scholar 

  • ten Cate C (1989) Behavioural development: toward understanding processes. Perspect Ethol 8:243–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe WH (1954) The process of song-learning in the chaffinch as studied by means of the sound spectrograph. Nature 173:465–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe WH (1958) The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs. Ibis 100:535–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todt D, Naguib M (2000) Vocal interactions in birds: the use of song as a model in communication. Adv Study Behav 29:247–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verzijden MN, ten Cate C, Servedio MR, Kozak GM, Boughman JW, Svensson EI (2012) The impact of learning on sexual selection and speciation. Trends Ecol Evol 27:511–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Marc Naguib or Katharina Riebel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Naguib, M., Riebel, K. (2014). Singing in Space and Time: The Biology of Birdsong. In: Witzany, G. (eds) Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics