Abstract
The Brazilian Constitution defines federal entities at three levels: the central government, the states, and municipalities, a second local level of government below the states. The Constitution grants the Union exclusive jurisdiction in a broad range of areas, and further provides that the Union and the states may legislate jointly on an additional set of subjects. When the Union and the states exercise concurrent jurisdiction, the Constitution allows the Union to enact general rules, and leaves to the states the task of enacting complementary specific rules. In these matters, they can only exercise full power in the absence of federal general rules. In practice, the distinction between general and specific rules is not always clear, and courts have resolved cases of ambiguity in favor of the Union. This leaves little room for the states to legislate. As for municipalities, they can enact legislation in matters of local concern.
Many provisions of the Brazilian Constitution apply directly to the Union, the states and the municipalities. Any judge may refuse to apply a statute he or she holds to be unconstitutional, but the STF, the supreme court of Brazil, is the ultimate authority on constitutional interpretation. Overall, the broad reach of federal law and the Constitution has led to a high degree of legal uniformity in Brazil.
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Notes
- 1.
“Civil” here does not refer to the classic division between the common law, of Anglo-Saxon origin, and the civil law, whose origin was based on the slow development and systematization of Roman legal principles, and which developed initially in continental Europe. In Brazilian Law, as in other countries of the Germanic-Roman family, the expression civil law also refers to the rules concerning most of the legal relations among private parties, including contracts, liability, family law and succession law. The word civil is used in the Constitution and in statutory law in general with this second meaning.
- 2.
Except to create new taxes – this residual power is allocated to the Union (Federal Constitution, article 154).
- 3.
The legislative jurisdiction over taxes is concurrent. Nonetheless, the Federal Constitution substantially distributes such jurisdiction among the federal entities. Article 155, for example, specifically enumerates those taxes constitutionally attributed to states.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Gabriel Valente dos Reis, Vanessa Constantino Macharette, Eduardo Bastos Furtado de Mendonça and Thiago Magalhães Pires for their most valuable assistance in all stages of the preparation and drafting of the present report.
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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Dolinger, J., Barroso, L.R. (2014). Federalism and Legal Unification in Brazil. In: Halberstam, D., Reimann, M. (eds) Federalism and Legal Unification. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7398-1_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7398-1_6
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