Abstract
This chapter initially addresses conceptual and methodological approaches to socialization, followed by consideration of how individuals are socialized for adult primary relationships and intimacy, for parenting, for work, and for balancing work and family. Socialization processes are highlighted that promote the development of gender and sexual identities and intimate relationships, particularly in adolescence, a key period for relationship socialization. Socialization in stable relationship contexts, as well as that which occurs in the face of relationship dissolution, is addressed. In view of historical change in the workplace, socialization to work is examined in multiple settings: in families, in post-secondary educational settings, and in early occupational careers. The decline of job opportunities for young people has undermined anticipatory socialization processes in the work domain. Socialization for adult roles in general has become increasingly prolonged, individualized, and diverse as a result of the lengthened transition to adulthood and broad social and cultural change.
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1It is important to note that approximately 1 in 2,000 children are born intersexed (or hermaphroditic) with external genital features that are not characteristically female or male. This frequency is the same as Down Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis (Preves, 2003).
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2The federal Defense of Marriage Act became legislation in 1996, preventing same sex couples who legally marry in a state that allows it from enjoying federal marriage benefits, such as filing joint federal taxes, receiving a spouse’s Social Security, Medicare, or disability benefits, and receiving spousal military and veteran’s benefits for medical care, education, or special loans (Ingraham, 2008). Constitutional marriage amendments go a step further by actually altering a government’s constitution to prohibit same sex marriage. In addition to the federal Defense of Marriage Act, six states have their own Defense of Marriage Acts to prohibit same sex couples access to state issued marriage rights (Human Rights Campaign, 2013), such as the joint filing of state taxes, the ability to make medical decisions on behalf of one’s partner in an emergency, access to visiting one’s partner in the hospital, joint custody, immunity from testifying against one’s spouse, and automatic inheritance (Ingraham). Furthermore, thirty states have altered their state constitutions to prohibit same sex marriage at the constitutional level since 1998 (Human Rights Campaign, 2013).
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3As of this writing, same-sex marriage is legal in twelve states and the District of Columbia: Massachusetts (2004), Connecticut (2008), Iowa (2009), Vermont (2009), New Hampshire (2010), the Disctric of Columbia (2010), New York, (2011) Washington (2012), Maine (2012), Maryland (2012), Rhode Island (2013), Delaware (2013), and Minnesota (2013), (Gay Marriage ProCon.org, 2013).
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The authors would like to thank Dianna Fielding for her invaluable editorial assistance.
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Preves, S.E., Mortimer, J.T. (2013). Socialization for Primary, Intimate, and Work Relationships in the Adult Life Course. In: DeLamater, J., Ward, A. (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_6
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