Abstract
Although increasing our knowledge of the properties of networks of cities is essential, these properties can be measured at the city level, and must be assessed by analyzing actor networks. The present volume focuses less on individual characteristics and more on the interactions of actors and institutions that create functional territories in which the structure of existing links constrains emerging links. Rather than basing explanations on external factors, the goal is to determine the extent to which network properties reflect spatial distributions and create local synergies at the meso level that are incorporated into global networks at the macro level where different geographical scales occur.
The paper introduces the way to use the graphs structure to identify empirically relevant groups and levels that explain dynamics. It defines what could be called “multi-level”, “multi-scale”, or “multidimensional” networks in the context of urban geography. It explains how the convergence of the network multi-territoriality paradigm collaboratively formulated, and manipulated by geographers and computer scientists produced the SPANGEO project, which is exposed in this volume.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The TULIP Software is free and open access: http://tulip.labri.fr/
References
Alderson, A. S., & Beckfield, J. (2004). Power and position in the world city system. American Journal of Sociology,109(4), 811–851.
Allen, J. (1999). Cities of power and influence: Settled formations. In J. Allen, D. Massey, & M. Pryke (Eds.), Unsettling cities (pp. 182–227). London: Routledge.
Amaral, L. A. N., Buldyrev, S. V., Havlin, S., Salinger, M. A., & Stanley, H. E. (1998). Power law scaling for a system of interacting units with complex internal structure. Physical Review Letters,80(7), 1385–1388.
Amiel, M., Mélançon, G., & Rozenblat, C. (2005). Réseaux multi-niveaux: l’exemple des échanges aériens mondiaux. Mappemonde,79(3), 20 p. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num7/index.html
Anderson, P. (1972). More is different: Broken symmetry and the hierarchical nature of science. Science,177, 393–396.
Andrade, J. S., Herrmann, H. J., Andrade, R. F. S., & Da Silva, L. R. (2005). Apollonian networks: Simultaneously scale-free, small world, Euclidean, space filling, and with matching graphs. Physical Review Letters,94(1), 018702.
Badaracco, J. (1991). The knowledge link: How firms compete through strategic alliances. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Barabasi, A.-L. (2002). The new science of networks. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
Barabasi, A.-L., & Albers, R. (1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science,286, 509–512.
Batty, M. (2005). Cities and complexity: Understanding cities with cellular automata, agent-based models, and fractals. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT.
Batty, M. (2006). Hierarchy in cities and city systems. In D. Pumain (Ed.), Hierarchy in natural and social sciences (pp. 143–168). New York: Springer.
Berry, B. (1964). Cities as systems within systems of cities. In J. Friedmann, & W. Alonso (Eds.), Regional development and planning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (also in Paper of Regional Science Association, 1964, 13).
Bertin, J. (1973). Sémiologie graphique: Les diagrammes-Les réseaux-Les cartes. Paris, France: Gauthier-VillarsMouton & Cie.
Bourdieu, P. (1980). Le capital social: Notes provisoires. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales,3, 2–3.
Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. In R. Sutton, & B. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and closure: An introduction of social capital. New York: Oxford University Press.
Camagni, R. (1999). The city as a milieu: Applying GREMI’s approach to urban evolution. Revue d’Economie Régionale et Urbaine (RERU),3, 591–606.
Capello, R., & Rietvelt, P. (1998). The concept of network synergies in economic theory: Policy implications. In K. Button, P. Nijkamp, & H. Priemus (Eds.), Transport networks in Europe: Concepts, analysis and policies (pp. 57–83). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Blackwell.
Castells, M. (2000). The information age: Economy, society and culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Blackwell.
Chorley, R. J., & Haggett, P. (1969). Network analysis in geography. London: Edward Arnold.
Courgeau, D. (Ed.). (2003). Methodology and epistemology of multilevel analysis. Approaches from different social sciences (Vol. 2). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Dacey, M. F. (1964). A note of some number properties of a hexagonal hierarchical plane lattice. Journal of the Regional Science Association,5, 63–67.
Dicken, P. (2011). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. New York: Guilford Press.
Dicken, P., Kelly, P. F., Olds, K., & Yeung, H. W. C. (2001). Chain networks, territories and scales: Toward a relational framework for analysing the global economy. Global Networks,1(2), 89–112.
Dicken, P., & Malmberg, A. (2001). Firms in territories: A relational perspective. Economic Geography,77(4), 345–363.
Dollfus, O. (2001). La mondialisation. Paris, France: Presses de science Po.
Doz, Y., Santos, J., & Williamson, P. (2001). From global to metanational: How companies win in the knowledge economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Freeman, L. C. (2004). The development of social network analysis: A study in the sociology of science. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Empirical Press.
Garrison, W. L. (1960). Connectivity of the interstate highway system. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association,6, 121–137.
Garrison, W. L., Berry, B. J. L., Marble, D. F., Nystuen, J. D., & Morrill, R. L. (1959). Studies of highway development and geographic change. New York: Greenwood Press.
Gereffi, G. (1996). Global commodity chains: New forms of coordination and control among nations and firms in international industries. Competition and Change,1(4), 427–439.
Gibrat, R. (1931). Les inégalités économiques. Paris, France: SIRET.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Gould, P., & White, R. (1974). Mental maps. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Gould, R., & Fernandez, R. (1989). Structures of mediation: A formal approach to brokerage in transaction networks. Sociological Methodology,19, 89–126.
Grabher, G. (2006). Trading routes, bypasses, and risky intersections: Mapping travels of “networks” between economic sociology and economic geography. Progress in Human Geography,30(2), 163–189.
Guerin Pace, F. (1995). Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth. Urban Studies, 32(3), (551–562).
Guimerà, R., Mossa, S., Turtschi, A., & Amaral, L. A. N. (2005). The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities’ global roles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(22), 7794–7799.
Hassaert da Costa, R. (2004). De la déterritorialisation à la multiterritorialité. In S. Allemand, F.R. Ascher, & J. Lévy (dir.), Les sens du mouvement (pp. 69–79). Paris, Berlin: Institut pour la ville en mouvement.
Hägerstrand, T. (1952). The propagation of innovation waves (Vol. 4). Lund, Sweden: Gleerup.
Hobson, J. A. (1909). [1894] The evolution of modern capitalism: a study of machine production. New York: Walter Scott.
Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Random House.
Kansky, K. (1963). Structure of transportation networks: Relationships between network geometry and regional characteristics (Technical Rep. No. 84). Chicago: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
Lane, D. (2006). Hierarchy, complexity, society. In D. Pumain (Ed.), Hierarchy in natural and social sciences (pp. 81–119). Dordrecht: Springer.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Macfarlane, A. (1883). Analysis of relationships of consanguinity and affinity. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,12, 46–63.
Milgram, S. (1967). The small world problem. Psychology Today,1, 61.
Monge, P., & Contractor, N. (2003). Theories of communication networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgan, L. (1851). League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois. Rochester, NY: Sage.
Newman, M. (2005). Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf’s law. Contemporary Physics, 46(5), 323–351.
Newman, M., Watts, D., & Barabasi, A.-L. (Eds.). (2006). The structure and dynamics of networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world. New York: Harper & Row.
Ohmae, K. (1995). The end of the nation state – How region states harness the prosperity of the global economy. New York: Free Press.
Pumain, D., Paulus, F., Vacchiani-Marcuzzo, C., & Lobo, J. (2006). An evolutionary theory for interpreting urban scaling laws. Cybergéo: Revue européenne de géographie, 343, 20 p.
Pomfret, R. (2007). Is regionalism an increasing feature of the world economy. The World Economy, 30(6), 923–947.
Pool, I. d. S., & Kochen, M. (1978). Contacts and influence. Social Networks,1, 1–48.
Powell, W. (1990). Neither market nor hierarchy: Network form of organization. Research in Organizational Behaviour,12, 295–336.
Pred, A. (1974). Major job-providing organizations and systems of cities. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers.
Pred, A. (1977). City-systems in advanced economies. London: Hutchinson University Library.
Pumain, D. (1982). La dynamique des villes. Paris, France: Economica.
Pumain, D. (1997). Pour une théorie évolutive des villes. L’Espace Géographique,2, 119–134.
Pumain, D. (2006). Alternative explanations of hierarchical differentiation in urban systems. In D. Pumain (Ed.), Hierarchy in natural and social sciences (pp. 169–222). Dordrecht: Springer.
Pumain, D., Sanders, L., & Saint-Julien, T. (1989). Villes et auto-organisation. Paris, France: Economica.
Raffestin, C. (1980). Pour une géographie du pouvoir. Paris, France: Library Techniques.
Rozenblat, C. (2004). Intégration dans le commerce international: l’évidence du graphique triangulaire. Mappemonde,75, 15 p.
Rozenblat, C. (2007). Villes et réseaux “petits-mondes”. In A. Da Cunha & L. Matthey (Eds.), La ville et l’urbain: des savoirs émergents (pp. 81–105). Lausanne, Switzerland: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.
Rozenblat, C., Bohan, C., & Benet, G. (2008). Multinational corporate networks in Central European cities. In M.-C. Maurel (Ed.), Central European cities in globalization. CEFRES: Prague.
Rozenblat, C., & Cicille, P. (2003). Les villes européennes: Analyse comparative/Die Stadte Europas. Ein vergleichende Analyse. DATAR-La Documentation française Paris / Bündesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung. Bonn, 123 p.
Rozenblat, C., & Pumain, D. (1993). The location of multinational firms in the European urban system. Urban studies,10, 1691–1709.
Rozenblat, C., & Pumain, D. (2007). Firm linkages, innovation and the evolution of urban systems. In P. J. Taylor, B. Derudder, P. Saey, F. Witlox (Eds.), Cities in globalization. Practices, policies and theories (pp. 130–156). London: Routledge.
Rugman, A. (2001). The end of globalization: Why global strategy is a myth and how to profit from realities of regional markets. New York: AMACOM.
Sanders, L. (1992). Système de villes et synergétique. Paris, France: Anthropos.
Sassen, S. (1991). The global vity: New York – London – Tokyo. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Simon, H. A. (1955). On a class of skew distribution functions. Biometrika,42(3–40), 425–440.
Storper, M., & Salais, R. (1997). Worlds of production. The action frameworks of the economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thomas, J., & Cook, K. (2006). A visual analytics agenda. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, 26(1), 10–13.
Tobler, W. R. (1963). Geographic area and map projections. Geographical Review, 53(1), 59–78.
Tobler, W. R. (1965). Computation of the correspondence of geographical patterns. Papers of the Regional Science Association,15(1), 131–139.
Travers, J., & Milgram, S. (1969). An experimental study of the small world problem. Sociometry, 32, 425–443.
Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly,42, 35–67.
van Wijk, J. (2005). The value of visualization. In C. Silva, E. Groeller, & H. Rushmeier (Eds.), IEEE visualization conference (VIS 2005) (pp. 79–86).
Walker, G., Kogut, B., & Shan, W. (1997). Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science, 8(2), 109–125.
Watts, D. (1999). Small worlds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Watts, D., & Strogatz, S. (1998). Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature,393, 440–442.
Whitley, R. (1998). Internationalization and varieties of capitalism: The limited effects of cross-national coordination of the economic activities on the nature of business systems. Review of International Political Economy,5, 445–381.
Willis, J., & Yule, G. (1922). Some statistics of evolution and geographical distribution in plants and animals, and their significance. Nature,109, 177–179.
Wilson, A. (1967). A statistical theory of spatial distribution models. Transportation Research,1, 253–269.
Wilson, A. (2000). Complex spatial systems: The modelling foundations of urban and regional analysis. Harlow: Prentice Hall Education.
Yeung, H. W. C. (2002). The limits to globalization theory: A geographic perspective on global economic change. Economic Geography,78, 285–305.
Yule, G. (1925). A mathematical theory of evolution, based on the conclusions of Dr. J. C. Willis, F.R.S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences213, 21–87.
Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human behaviour and the principal of least effort. Cambridge, MA: Adison-Wesley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rozenblat, C., Melançon, G. (2013). Introduction. In: Rozenblat, C., Melançon, G. (eds) Methods for Multilevel Analysis and Visualisation of Geographical Networks. Methodos Series, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6677-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6677-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6676-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6677-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)