Abstract
On a world-scale basis, fossil fuels are likely to remain the main sources for electricity generation in the twenty-first century, and many industrial processes that are also large CO2 emitters will still be active for many decades. Therefore, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is generally considered a necessary option for reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. This chapter introduces the concept, which consists in the separation of CO2 from energy-related and industrial gas streams, and its transport to a geological storage location where it is permanently and safely stored. The characteristics of the main capture processes: postcombustion, oxycombustion, and precombustion are summarized in terms of energy consumption and costs. Some other possible technological options are briefly described. The methods utilized for CO2 transport are also presented with some cost estimates. The main formation for geological storage—depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, and nonexploitable coal seams—are briefly described, with the mechanisms involved in storage operations. Storage capacity evaluations, methodologies for risk assessment and management, are also briefly summarized. The chapter discusses the 14 large-scale integrated CCS projects which are in operation or under construction today, with a rough total storage capacity of 33 million tons a year. This could indicate that provided public awareness, social acceptance, and economic drivers evolve favorably, CCS could play a very significant role in the transition to a future low emission energy use.
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- 1.
Air is a mixture of oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), Argon (Ar).
- 2.
A gasification process can produce syngas from high-sulfur coal, heavy petroleum residues, and biomass. The plant is called integrated because its syngas is produced in a gasification unit in the plant which has been optimized for the plant’s combined cycle (gas + steam). The syngas produced is used as fuel in a gas turbine that produces electrical power. To improve the overall process efficiency heat is recovered from both the gasification process and also the gas turbine exhaust in “waste heat boilers” producing steam. This steam is then used in steam turbines to produce additional electrical power.
- 3.
Mafic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks that are relatively high in the heavier elements. The term is derived from the “ma” of magnesium and the “fic” of ferric oxide. Ultramafic rocks contain higher amounts of Fe and Mg.
Abbreviations
- ASU:
-
Air separation unit
- CCS:
-
Carbon capture and storage
- CDM:
-
Clean development mechanism
- COP:
-
Conference of the Parties
- CSLF:
-
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
- DOGF:
-
Depleted oil and gas fields
- ECBM:
-
Enhanced coalbed methane
- EGR:
-
Enhanced gas recovery
- EOR:
-
Enhanced oil recovery
- ETS:
-
Emission trading scheme
- EU:
-
European Union
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IGCC:
-
Integrated gasification combined cycle
- IPCC:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- MIT:
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- MMV:
-
Measure monitoring and verification
- MPa:
-
MegaPascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa)
- Mt:
-
Megaton (1 Mt = 106 ton)
- MtCO2/y:
-
Megaton of CO2 per year
- MW:
-
MegaWatt (1 MW = 106 W)
- MWth:
-
Thermal megaWatt
- NER300:
-
EU program involving both CCS and renewable energy sources (RES) technologies
- NGO:
-
Nongovernmental organization
- OECD:
-
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Pa:
-
Pascal (Pressure unit:1 atmosphere # 105 Pa)
- SA:
-
Deep saline aquifer
- UNFCCC:
-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- ZEP:
-
Zero emission platform
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Fouillac, C. (2013). CO2 Capture Transport and Storage, a Promising Technology for Limiting Climate Change. In: Saulnier, J., Varella, M. (eds) Global Change, Energy Issues and Regulation Policies. Integrated Science & Technology Program, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6661-7_6
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