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Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence pp 155–167Cite as

Chloroplast Contact to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lipid Trafficking

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Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 36))

Summary

The higher plant chloroplast membranes are mainly composed of galactolipids assembled from diacylglycerol backbones in the chloroplast envelope. All plants depend on import of diacylglycerol backbones from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During phosphate limitation digalactosyl diacylglycerol synthesized in the plastid envelope is exported to other extra­plastid membranes. In addition, use of fatty acid desaturase mutants demonstrates lipid export from the chloroplast under normal growth conditions as well. Isoprenoid compounds such as plastoquinone are also most likely transported from the ER to the chloroplast. Thus, there must be one or several mechanisms present in the plant cell to mediate directional transport of highly hydrophobic molecules between the ER and the plastid. The molecular details of the transport system(s) remain to be determined. However, there is evidence to suggest that a specialized domain of the ER is associated with chloroplasts and thus likely to be directly involved in transfer of hydrophobic compounds between the compartments. The identification of the TGD-transporter complex represents a significant advance towards understanding the transport of precursors for membrane lipid synthesis in the plastid. The recently described molecular details of contact sites between ER and mitochondria in yeast and mammalian cells should inspire similar studies to uncover the same details in ER chloroplast contacts in plants.

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Notes

  1. 1.

     For a specialized review on acyl lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis including clickable pathway maps see Li-Beisson et al. in The Arabidopsis Book 8: e0133. 2010 and the accompanying web site found at: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/

  2. 2.

     Since the original preparation of the manuscript, the TGD4 protein has been shown to be localized to the outer chloroplast envelope rather than the ER (Wang et al. 2012) and the TGD1, 2 and 3 components reported to indeed form an ABC transporter complex (Roston et al. 2012).

Abbreviations

ACP:

– Acyl carrier protein;

CoA:

– Coenzyme A;

DAG:

– Diacylglycerol;

DGDG:

– Digalactosyl diacylglycerol;

ER:

– Endoplasmic reticulum;

LACS:

– Long chain acyl coenzyme A synthase;

LTP:

– Lipid transfer protein;

MAM:

– Mitochondria associated membranes;

MGDG:

– Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol;

PA:

– Phosphatidic acid;

PAP:

– Phosphatidic acid phosphatase;

PC:

– Phosphatidylcholine;

PG:

– Phosphatidylglycerol;

PLAM:

– Plastid asso­ciated membranes;

PLD:

– Phospholipase D; TGD –Trigalactosyl diacylglycerol

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express his gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for very constructive comments. Work in the authors lab is supported by the Swedish Research Council for Agriculture, Environmental Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS, grant no. 2009-888), the Carl Tryggers foundation for scientific research and the Olle Engkvist Byggmästare foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mats X. Andersson

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyotivihar, Sambalpur, 768019, Orissa, India

    Basanti Biswal

  2. Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24118, Germany

    Karin Krupinska

  3. School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Orissa, 768 019, India

    Udaya C. Biswal

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Andersson, M.X. (2013). Chloroplast Contact to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lipid Trafficking. In: Biswal, B., Krupinska, K., Biswal, U. (eds) Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_8

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