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Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence pp 239–280Cite as

The Ins and Outs of Chloroplast Protein Transport

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Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 36))

Summary

Much of the chloroplast proteome is encoded in the nuclear genome and needs to be imported post-translationally. Information for the organellar targeting of these imported proteins lies in an N-terminal leader sequence, the transit peptide, which is specifically bound by receptor components at the chloroplast surface. These receptor components are part of the TOC (translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts) complex, which, together with the TIC (translocon at the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts) machinery, mediates the translocation of precursor proteins into chloroplasts. Apart from the receptors, these complexes incorporate channel, motor and regulatory functions. Many components of this TOC/TIC apparatus have been identified. Multiple isoforms of the TOC receptors (and possibly of some other components) enable the operation of different import pathways with different substrate preferences, perhaps so that non-abundant proteins can be imported without serious competition from highly-abundant proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus. The different import pathways might also play a role in the differentiation of different plastid types. While much research has focused on these canonical TOC/TIC-mediated import routes, a number of studies have revealed alternative protein transport pathways to chloroplasts that employ different mechanisms; one of these passes through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Other recent studies have revealed several protein targeting pathways leading to the envelope itself.

These authors contributed equally to the preparation of this chapter.

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Abbreviations

aaRS:

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase;

AKR2A:

Ankyrin repeat-containing protein 2A;

APG1:

Albino or pale green mutant 1;

BamA:

β-barrel assembly machinery A;

CAH1:

Carbonic anhydrase 1;

ceQORH:

Chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homologue;

CIA2 (-5):

Chloroplast import apparatus 2 (-5);

ClpC:

Caseinolytic protease, subunit C;

Com44/Cim44:

Chloroplast outer/inner membrane proteins, 44 kD;

Cpn60:

Chaperonin, 60 kD;

DEPC:

Diethylpyrocarbonate;

Fd:

Ferredoxin;

FNR:

Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase;

GAP:

GTPase activating protein;

GEF:

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor;

Hip:

Hsp70-interacting protein;

Hop:

Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein;

Hsp70 (-93, -100):

Heat-shock protein, 70 kD (93 kD, 100 kD);

IDP:

Intrinsically disordered protein;

LHCII:

Light-harvesting complex protein of photosystem II;

MGD1:

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1;

OEP:

Outer envelope protein, kD;

PAGE:

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis;

PIC1:

Permease in chloroplasts 1;

POTRA:

Polypeptide transport associated;

ppi1 (-2, -3):

– Plastid protein import 1 (-2, -3);

PreP:

Presequence protease;

SAM (Sam):

Sorting and assembly machinery;

SP1 (sp1):

Suppressor of ppi1 locus 1;

SRP:

Signal recognition particle;

SSU (pSSU):

Rubisco small subunit (precursor of);

Sti1:

Stress-inducible 1;

Tat:

Twin-arginine translocase;

TIC (Tic):

Translocon at the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts;

TIM (Tim):

Translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane;

TOC (Toc):

Translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts;

TOM (Tom):

Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane;

TPP:

Thylakoidal processing peptidase;

TPR:

Tetratricopeptide repeat;

TROL:

Thylakoid rhodanese-like protein;

VIPP1:

Vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of a Gatsby Charitable Foundation Sainsbury PhD Studentship (to RT), and of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) grants BB/D016541/1 and BB/H008039/1 (to QL and PJ).

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  1. Department of Biology, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    Qihua Ling, Raphael Trösch & Paul Jarvis

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  1. Qihua Ling
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  2. Raphael Trösch
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  3. Paul Jarvis
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  1. , School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyotivihar, Sambalpur, 768019, Orissa, India

    Basanti Biswal

  2. Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24118, Germany

    Karin Krupinska

  3. School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Orissa, 768 019, India

    Udaya C. Biswal

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Ling, Q., Trösch, R., Jarvis, P. (2013). The Ins and Outs of Chloroplast Protein Transport. In: Biswal, B., Krupinska, K., Biswal, U. (eds) Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_12

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