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Dynamic Features of Plastid Genome and Its Transcriptional Control in Plastid Development

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Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 36))

Summary

Land plants usually have different types of plastids, e.g. etioplasts, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. Although identical copies of the plastid genome are present in all plastid types, the level and pattern of accumulation of plastid transcripts varies largely among the different plastid types and during plastid differentiation and development. Plastid genomes possess many promoters of widely differing strength, and genes often have multiple initiation sites. Two distinct plastid RNA polymerases, plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP), direct such a complex transcription of plastid genes. Photosynthetic genes, e.g. psbA, psbD and rbcL are mainly transcribed by PEP. Some non-photosynthetic genes such as rpoB and accD are exclusively transcribed by NEP, and rrn and clpP genes are mutually transcribed by both PEP and NEP. The interplay of PEP and NEP results in a highly complex transcript pattern in plastids. PEP controls chloroplast development in leaves and its functional maintenance is primarily mediated by the variation of sigma factors. Arabidopsis thaliana has six nuclear-encoded plastid sigma factors (AtSIG1 to 6). In addition to the temporal dynamics of sigma factors during chloroplast development, the expression profile of each plant sigma factor in organs and cell types is diverse and probably correlated with the major function of each sigma factor. Extensive forward and reverse genetics studies revealed the role and specificity of respective sigma factors in transcription of different plastid genes involved in the biosynthesis and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus, during chloroplast development or under various environmental conditions such as light, salt and cold/heat stresses. Thus, transcriptional regulation in plastids, particularly in chloroplasts, is important for fine-tuned plastid gene expression.

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Abbreviations

asRNA:

Antisense RNA;

BLRP:

Blue light responsive promoter;

BS cell:

Bundle sheath cell;

CK:

Caseine kinase;

cpCK2:

Nuclear-coded plastid-targeted casein kinase 2;

CSK:

Chloroplast sensor kinase;

DAPI:

4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole;

IR:

Inverted repeat sequence;

LSC:

Large single copy region;

M cell:

Mesophyll cell;

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA;

NEP:

Nuclear-encoded (plastid) RNA polymerase;

NIP:

NEP interacting protein;

ORF:

Open reading frame;

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction;

PEP:

Plastid-encoded (plastid) RNA polymerase;

PPR:

Pentatricopeptide repeat;

PS I:

Photosystem I;

PS II:

Photosystem II;

pTAC:

Plastid transcriptionally active chromosome;

ptDNA:

Plastid DNA;

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR;

RPOT:

T3/T7 phage-type single-subunit RNA polymerase;

SIB1:

Sigma factor-binding protein 1;

SIG:

Sigma factor;

snmRNA:

Small non-messenger RNA;

SPP:

Stromal processing peptidase;

spRNAP-IV:

Single-polypeptide nuclear RNA polymerase;

SSC:

Small single copy region;

UTR:

Untranslated region;

Ycf –:

The conserved hypothetical open reading frame

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, Creation of Innovation Centers for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Areas (Innovative Bioproduction Kobe), MEXT, Japan, to KK and by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (20570033) to MS.

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  1. Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan

    Kengo Kanamaru

  2. Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan

    Mamoru Sugita

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  1. Kengo Kanamaru
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  2. Mamoru Sugita
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Correspondence to Kengo Kanamaru or Mamoru Sugita .

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  1. , School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyotivihar, Sambalpur, 768019, Orissa, India

    Basanti Biswal

  2. Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24118, Germany

    Karin Krupinska

  3. School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Orissa, 768 019, India

    Udaya C. Biswal

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Kanamaru, K., Sugita, M. (2013). Dynamic Features of Plastid Genome and Its Transcriptional Control in Plastid Development. In: Biswal, B., Krupinska, K., Biswal, U. (eds) Plastid Development in Leaves during Growth and Senescence. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_10

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