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Regenerative Medicine pp 129–152Cite as

Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System

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Abstract

The fertilized egg is a totipotent stem cell that can produce all cell types of the organism, including the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. As development proceeds, cells lose their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into different cell types, and gain specialization. However, advances in stem cell biology have provided new insights into development and regenerative medicine. For example, neural stem/progenitor cells have been found to exist not only during embryonic development, but also in the adult nervous system of mammals. Newborn neurons in the adult brain integrate into pre-existing neural circuits and exhibit functional similarity to neurons born during development. Moreover, although development of an organism proceeds irreversibly from embryo to adult with cells differentiating progressively toward specialized cell types, somatic cells can be artificially reprogrammed to adopt a different cell fate, as exemplified by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and induced neuronal cells (iN cells). Here, we summarize the current views of stem cell biology during embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis. We also discuss therapeutic potential of stem cells, focusing on retinal development and regeneration.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Yoshiki Sasai (RIKEN), Akinori Akaike (Kyoto University), Edward M. Callaway (The Salk Institute for Biological Studies), and E. J. Chichilnisky (The Salk Institute for Biological Studies) for their continued support and challenging discussions, and members of the Takahashi laboratory, the Sasai laboratory, the Akaike laboratory, the Callaway laboratory, and the Chichilnisky laboratory for stimulating discussions. We are grateful for support from the Leading Project for Realization of Regenerative Medicine (M.T.), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (F.O.), the Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (F.O.), the Kanae Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science (F.O.), the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Naito Foundation (F.O.). We apologize to those authors whose articles, although relevant to this subject, have not been cited in this review due to space limitations.

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  1. Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Fumitaka Osakada Ph.D.

  2. Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan

    Masayo Takahashi M.D., Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Fumitaka Osakada Ph.D. .

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  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Herzchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Rostock, Schillingallee 35, Rostock, 18057, Germany

    Gustav Steinhoff

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Osakada, F., Takahashi, M. (2013). Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. In: Steinhoff, G. (eds) Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_5

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