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Vegetation and Land Use

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The Soils of Italy

Part of the book series: World Soils Book Series ((WSBS))

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Abstract

The chapter describes the importance of vegetation in contributing to the pedogenesis physically, biologically and chemically. Analysis is performed of the different vegetation components and their relations to soil. A special emphasis is reserved to the forms of humus and to their classification. Land use is documented with the positive and negative effects on the pedogenesis. Several paragraphs deal with the influence of vegetation and land use on the soils of Italy. In the Alps altitude, climate and lithology determine the type of vegetation which in turn gives rise to the forms of humus which become fundamental pedogenetic factors. The Po plain presents a variety of soils and landscapes: from the old fluvio-glacial terraces with fragipan to the Po delta with sandy soils or with clay soils cracking during the summer. Other plains of Central and Southern Italy of minor surface but not of minor historical importance are presented. The Apennines range is described in its main features underlining the human influence across the centuries. From the Central Apennines to Sicily appear Andosols, that is, volcanic soils. Soils of the hills of Central Italy have been the base on which the Italian agriculture has developed in the past time advanced practices and techniques. Some considerations concern the difference between the past and the actual land uses. Southern Italy has different soils with the related land management: from the intensively cultivated Andosols of Campania to the stony terra rossa of the Murge with fallow. Sicily and Sardinia are described according to their natural vegetation and to their specificities: cereals cultivation on soil catena of the clay hills of Central Sicily and valuable Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) of Sardinia. The chapter concludes with a pedological tour of the Italian coasts.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    What we call pedogenesis is a complex integration of several factors: lithology, climate and biotic organisms. This integration is taken as a paradigm in the modern approach to soil survey and cartography, being the rational base of the land regions and land systems methodology (Costantini et al. 2004). This methodology being integrated is useful not only for soil but also for other environmental components like vegetation (Dissegna et al. 1997 and Di Gennaro 2002). Vegetation, due its high variability in space and time, is not comprised in the set of parameters selected for the definition of the Soil Regions of Europe but the database of the European Soils makes possible the interpolation between the soilscapes and the natural ecosystems (Joint Research Centre 1998).

  2. 2.

    From a theoretical point of view during the climax phase, as much elements are taken from the soil as are returned and as much activity is produced as consumed. This climax condition is not stable, due to the natural and human events. Progression towards a new climax and regression to the previous one are phases registered in the soil profile contributing to its high variability (Sanesi 2000).

  3. 3.

    Plant assimilate more cations than anions. Hence, the production of biomass is associated to the release of protons in the soil. The reverse process takes course during the mineralisation of the organic matter which consume H+. An ecosystem is in a steady status when production and mineralisation of organic matter are equivalent. If the biomass produced is subtracted to the forest, the rate of acidification increases.

  4. 4.

    C/N is the ratio between the total organic carbon and the total nitrogen. This ratio provides a general assessment about the litter decomposition rate which is faster with low values.

  5. 5.

    The soils are classified according to the FAO–ISRIC–ISSS 2006.

  6. 6.

    The Larch has been accepted on the mountain prairies, because on the one hand, its wood is very appreciated for construction of the mountain houses (baite), on the other hand because during winter, there is less snow under the Larch, so during the spring, the snow melt faster under the Larch that has no needles and the grass can grow one week or two in advance with respect to the prairie without Larch.

  7. 7.

    Norway spruce has a superficial root system. Its nutrition is almost provided by the humus. After cuts of a Norway spruce stand, it is frequently observed regeneration of Norway spruce on decaying stumps (Giordano 2009).

  8. 8.

    Darwin (1859) recorded that on a parcel of heathland (Stafforshire) afforested with Scotch pine, the modifications of natural vegetation and fauna were greater than the differences of vegetation one could find passing from a type of soil to another completely different.

  9. 9.

    In that period had been dug the great Canale Cavour for providing the rice fields with water (see Corti et al. 2012 in this volume).

  10. 10.

    Terra rossa is an international denomination of a soil typical of warm Mediterranean environment on calcareous rocks.

  11. 11.

    Gariga is a poor steppe vegetation with xerophylous shrubs as Spartium, Cistus, Erica, Stipa and others. In extreme climatic situation take the place Chamaerops humilis, Asphodelus and thorny Asparagus.

  12. 12.

    A catena being a direct function of the topography minimises the role of other pedogenetic factors.

  13. 13.

    Holm oak is well adapted to different types of soil; nevertheless, the most suited are soils on marly sandstone and on volcanic tuffs (Umbric Andosols).

  14. 14.

    Cork oak has to be considered as the warmer facies of the Holm oak formation (Arrigoni 1968).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Andrea Giordano

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  1. Andrea Giordano
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Correspondence to Andrea Giordano .

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  1. l’agrobiologia e la pedologia, Senior Researcher, CRA-ABP Centro di ricerca per, Florence, Italy

    Edoardo A.C. Costantini

  2. Viale delle Scienze 28, Palermo, I-90128, Italy

    Carmelo Dazzi

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Giordano, A. (2013). Vegetation and Land Use. In: Costantini, E., Dazzi, C. (eds) The Soils of Italy. World Soils Book Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5642-7_4

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