Abstract
Cadmium is one of the highly toxic transition metals for human beings and is known as a human carcinogen. Once humans are exposed to Cd2+ on a chronic basis, Cd2+ primarily accumulates in the liver and kidney where it forms complexes with small peptides and proteins via sulfhydryl groups. Complexed Cd2+ or the ionic Cd2+ is then taken up by target cells and tissues and exerts the toxicity. However, the question of how non-essential Cd2+ crosses the cell membranes remains unanswered. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of Cd2+-induced physiological signaling disruption in cells is still not fully elucidated. Investigations of Cd2+ uptake kinetics, distributions, and concentrations in cells require chemical tools for its detection. Because of the easy use and high spatiotemporal resolution, optical imaging using fluorescence microscopy is a well-suited method for monitoring Cd2+ in biological samples. This chapter summarizes design principles of small molecule fluorescent sensors for Cd2+ detection in aqueous solution and their photophysical and metal-binding properties. Also the applications of probes for fluorescence imaging of Cd2+ in a variety of cell types are demonstrated.
Keywords
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- ALS:
-
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AM:
-
acetoxymethyl
- ATSDR:
-
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- BAPTA:
-
bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid
- BODIPY:
-
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
- C120:
-
7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin
- CHO:
-
Chinese hamster ovary
- Cys:
-
cysteine
- DBI:
-
5-dimethylamino-2-(2-pyridinyl)-benzoimidazole
- DC:
-
dendritic cell
- DPA:
-
di(2-picolyl)amine
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- FAD:
-
flavin adenine dinucleotide
- GSH:
-
glutathione
- HEPES:
-
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HUVEC:
-
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- ICT:
-
intramolecular charge transfer
- MOPS:
-
3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
- MRI:
-
magnetic resonance imaging
- NADH:
-
reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NIR:
-
near-infrared
- PCT:
-
photoinduced charge transfer
- PET:
-
photoinduced electron transfer
- PI:
-
propidium iodide
- PPT:
-
photoinduced proton transfer
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- TPEN:
-
N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
- Tris:
-
2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol
- YC:
-
Yellow Cameleon
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Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (No.17750155 to M.T.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
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Taki, M. (2013). Imaging and Sensing of Cadmium in Cells. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_5
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