Abstract
Plants are categorized in three groups concerning their uptake of heavy metals: indicator, excluder, and hyperaccumulator plants, which we explain in this chapter, the former two groups briefly and the hyperaccumulators in detail. The ecological role of hyperaccumulation, for example, the prevention of herbivore attacks and a possible substitution of Zn by Cd in an essential enzyme, is discussed. As the mechanisms of cadmium hyperaccumulation are a very interesting and challenging topic and many aspects are studied worldwide, we provide a broad overview over compartmentation strategies, expression and function of metal transporting proteins and the role of ligands for uptake, transport, and storage of cadmium. Hyperaccumulators are not without reason a topic of great interest, they can be used biotechnologically for two main purposes which we discuss here for Cd: phytoremediation, dealing with the cleaning of anthropogenically contaminated soils as well as phytomining, i.e., the use of plants for commercial metal extraction. Finally, the outlook deals with topics for future research in the fields of biochemistry/biophysics, molecular biology, and biotechnology. We discuss which knowledge is still missing to fully understand Cd hyperaccumulation by plants and to use that phenomenon even more successfully for both environmental and economical purposes.
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Abbreviations
- ABC transporters:
-
ATB binding casette transporters
- ATP:
-
adenosine 5'-triphosphate
- CDF:
-
cation diffusion facilitator
- CAX:
-
cation exchanger
- EA :
-
energy of activation in kJ.mol–1
- EXAFS:
-
extended X-ray absorption fine structure
- HMA:
-
heavy metal ATPase
- IRT transporters:
-
iron regulated transporters
- mRNA:
-
messenger RNA
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- NRAMP:
-
natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins
- QISH:
-
quantitative in situ hybridization
- XANES:
-
X-ray absorption near edge structure
- XAS:
-
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, project KU 1495/11-1), the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), the Schweizer Nationalfonds (SNF, Grant No. PP002-119106/1 to Eva Freisinger), and the University of Konstanz for financial support.
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Küpper, H., Leitenmaier, B. (2013). Cadmium-Accumulating Plants. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_12
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