Abstract
The majority of current bituminous mix design procedures depend heavily on volumetric analysis, and on measuring density after a given compaction effort. There have been many questions about the influence of the compaction method on performance, and the lack of suitable simulation of field compaction in the lab. There are also concerns about the interactive effects of the laboratory mixing and compaction temperatures on the laboratory compaction methods. While there are no agreements on which method is the best in terms of simulating field conditions, there is agreement that density alone does not correctly reflect the potential of mixture to resist the damages caused by traffic loading. One of the evolving concepts to complement density and more accurately estimate this potential is characterization of aggregate skeleton and particle to particle interaction using imaging technology. However, methods of reducing images to engineering characteristics that can complement mix design procedures, and perhaps allow better simulation of field compaction, are still not in reach. This section is focused on giving background about various widely-used compaction methods, and about imaging techniques used for characterizing bituminous mixtures. It also covers a project carried out by the RILEM group on introducing the newly developed iPas software for image processing and analysis of 2D images of asphalt mixtures. As a part of this work, the software was used and verified in a large experiment that included many leading bituminous testing laboratories, from various countries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Society for Testing and Materials: ASTM D 6926: Standard practice for preparation of bituminous specimens using Marshall apparatus. In: Book of Standards, vol. 04.03. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (2010)
American Society for Testing and Materials: ASTM D 1561: Preparation of bituminous mixture test specimens by means of California kneading compactor. In: Book of Standards, vol. 04.03. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (2005)
American Society for Testing and Materials: ASTM D 6925: Preparation and determination of relative density of hot mix asphalt (HMA) specimens by means of the Superpave gyratory compactor. In: Book of Standards, vol. 04.03. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (2009)
Asphalt Institute: Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot-Mix Types. MS-2, 6th edn. Asphalt Institute, Lexington (1997)
Bayomy, F., Masad, E., Dessoukey, S., Omer, M.: Development and Performance Prediction of Idaho Superpave Mixes. National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology, University of Idaho, Boise (2006)
Button, J.W., Little, D.W., Jagadam, V., Pendleton, O.J.: Correlation of selected laboratory compaction methods with field compaction. In: Transportation Research Record 1454, TRB, pp. 193–201. National Research Council, Washington, DC (1992)
Coenen, A., Kutay, M.E., Roohi Sefidmazgi, N., Bahia, H.U.: Aggregate Structure Characterization of Asphalt Mixtures Using 2-Dimensional Image Analysis, Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design (2012, in press).
Consuegra, A., Little, D.N., Quintus, H.V., Burati, J.: Comparative evaluation of laboratory compacted devices based on their ability to produce mixtures with engineering properties similar to those produced in the field. In: Transportation Research Record 1228, TRB, pp. 80–87. National Research Council, Washington, DC (1989)
Davis, W.J., Dion, T.R.: Asphalt laboratory instruction-transitioning from Marshall mix to Superpave mix design. In: Proceedings of the 1999 Southeastern Section Meeting. American Society of Engineering Education, Clemson (1999)
European Standard: EN 12697-33: Bituminous mixtures – test methods for hot mix asphalt – part 33: Specimen prepared by Roller Compactor. In: European Committee for Standardization, Österreichisches Normungsinstitut, Austrian Standards Institute, Wien, Austria (2007)
Federal Highway Administration: Asphalt Concrete Mix Design History. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asphtech/05jb3lect1hist.ppt(2009). Accessed 25 Oct 2009
Federal Highway Administration: Asphalt Pavement Technology – Bituminous Mixtures Laboratory – French Plate Compactor. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/asphalt/labs/mixtures/fpc.cfm(2009). Accessed 25 Oct 2009
Gartner Jr., W. (ed.): Asphalt Concrete Mix Design: Development of More Rational Approaches. STP 1041. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (1989)
Goetz, W.H.: The evolution of asphalt concrete mixes. In: Gartner Jr., W. (ed.) Asphalt Concrete Mix Design: Development of More Rational Approaches. STP 1041. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (1989)
Harman, T., Bukowski, J.R., Moutier, F., Huber, G., McGennis, R.: The history and future challenges of gyratory compaction, Federal Highway Administration. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/asphalt/labs/mixtures/hisofgyratory/index.cfm(2001). Accessed 25 Oct 2009
Huber, G.A.: Development of the Superpave gyratory compactor. Superpave Asphalt Technology Program, University of Texas at Austin. http://www.utexas.edu/research/superpave/articles/gyr_hist.html(2009). Accessed 20 Nov 2009
Hunter, A.E., Airey, G.D., Collop, A.C.: Aggregate orientation and segregation in laboratory compacted asphalt samples. In: Transportation Research Record 1891, TRB, pp. 8–15. National Research Council, Washington, DC (2004)
Jönsson, M., Partl, M., Flisch, A.: Comparison of different compaction methods using X-Ray computer tomography. Report No. 113/12 (EMPA No. FE 840544), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, EMPA. http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/16608/---/l=(2002). Accessed 1 Nov 2009
Kandhal, P.S., Koehler, W.S.: Marshall Mix design method: current practices. Asphalt Paving Technol. Tech. Sessions 54, 284–303 (1985)
Lee, K.W., Mahboub, K.C. (eds.): Asphalt Mix Design and Construction: Past, Present and Future. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston (2006)
Mahmoud, E., Bahia, H.U.: Methods for measuring surface characteristics of gyratory-compacted asphalt mixes and relationships to volumetric design. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 10–14 Jan 2010
Masad, E., Muhunthan, B., Shashidhar, N., Harman, T.: Aggregate orientation and segregation in asphalt concrete. ASCE Geotech. Special Publ 85, 69–80 (1998)
Masad, E., Muhunthan, B., Shashidhar, N., Harman, T.: Internal structure characterization of asphalt concrete using image analysis. ASCE J. Comput. Civil Eng. (Special Issue on Image Processing) 13(2), 88–95 (1999)
Masad, E., Muhunthan, B., Shashidhar, N., Harman, T.: Quantifying laboratory compaction effects on the internal structure of asphalt concrete. In: Transportation Research Record, 1681, TRB, pp. 179–184. National Research Council, Washington, DC (1999)
Masad, E., Kassem, E., Chowdhury, A.: Application of Imaging Technology to Improve the Laboratory and Field Compaction of HMA. Report No. FHWA/TX-09/0-5261-1. Texas Transportation Institute-Texas A&M University, College Station (2009)
Monismith, C.L.: State of the art: bituminous materials mix design. In: Lee, K.W., Mahboub, K.C. (eds.) Asphalt Mix Design and Construction: Past, Present and Future. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston (2006)
Muniandy, R., Jakarni, F.M., Hassim, S., Mahmud, A.R.: Development of criteria for slab compaction of laboratory roller compactor. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 4, 908–911 (2007)
Partl, A., Flisch, A., Jönsson, M.: Gyratory compaction analysis with computer tomography. Int. J. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 4(4), 401–422 (2003)
Partl, A., Flisch, A., Jönsson, M.: Comparison of laboratory compaction methods using X-ray computer tomography. Int. J. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 8(2), 139–164 (2007)
Renken, P.: Influence of Specimen Preparation onto the Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures. Institüt fur Straβenwesen, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig (2000)
Roohi Sefidmazgi, N., Tashman, L., Bahia, H.U.: Internal structure characterization of asphalt mixtures for rutting performance using imaging analysis. Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design, 13(1), (2012)
Tashman, L., Masad, E., Peterson, B., Saleh, H.: Internal structure analysis of asphalt mixes to improve the simulation of Superpave gyratory compaction to field conditions. J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 70, 605–645 (2001)
Thyagarajan, S., Tashman, L., Masad, E., Bayomy, F.: The heterogeneity and mechanical response of hot mix asphalt laboratory specimens. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 11(2), 107–121 (2009)
Vallerga, B.A., Lovering, W.R.: Evolution of the Hveem stabilometer method of designing asphalt paving mixtures. Asphalt Paving Technol. Tech. Sessions 54, 243–264 (1985)
White, T.D.: Marshall procedures for design and quality control of asphalt mixtures. Asphalt Paving Technol. Tech. Sessions 54, 265–283 (1985)
Yue, Z.Q., Bekking, W., Morin, I.: Application of digital image processing to quantitatively study of asphalt concrete microstructure. In: Transportation Research Record 1492, TRB, pp. 53–60. National Research Council, Washington, DC (1995)
Zelelew, H., Papagiannakis, A.T.: Digital image processing techniques for capturing and characterizing the microstructure of asphalt concretes. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 11–15 Jan 2009
Zelelew, H.M., Papagiannakis, A.T.: Wavelet-based characterization of aggregate segregation in asphalt concrete X-ray computed tomography images. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 8(3), 245–252 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 RILEM
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bahia, H.U., Coenen, A., Tabatabaee, N. (2013). Mixture Design and Compaction. In: Partl, M.N., et al. Advances in Interlaboratory Testing and Evaluation of Bituminous Materials. RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5104-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5104-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5103-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5104-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)