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Healthcare Overview pp 269–305Cite as

A Gender-Specific Nutritional Approach to Women’s Healthcare

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Part of the book series: Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine ((APPPM,volume 1))

Abstract

Despite women’s low inclusion in disease studies and acceptance of men’s results as universal, gender dichoto my shown in puberty/adolescence with girls’ fat accumulation vs. boys’ fat reduction suggests major metabolic differences and potentially related risk factors and diseases. Women’s evolution for reproduction and fetal/infant nourishment, with a historical advantage vs. scarcity, is now increasingly counteracted by the obesogenic environment. This corroborates recent decline in their healthy life expectancy (LE) and the female-male LE gap. Their higher lifelong body fat% compared to men’s, even with the same BMI, suggest it is metabolically more relevant than BMI; lower abdominal (high risk) fat utilization during weight loss diets; and higher sedentary risks vs. exercise benefits, suggest they need differential strategies against obesity. Premenopausal estrogen protection against abdominal obesity and related metabolic diseases, such as MetS, diabetes, CVD, inflammation, and cancer – that are delayed until menopause but accelerated with later suggests a differential time perspective for intervention. Women’s higher sensitivity to Western trends, including a sedentary lifestyle and obesogenic and high glycemic diet, further emphasizes the urgent need for a gender-specific nutritional approach to women’s care, particularly during critical lifecycle periods. This chapter presents some characteristics of women’s differential risk factors that could support gender nutrition within the PPPM approach.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Pregnant women are generally counseled to avoid eating fish with the potential for the highest level of mercury contamination (i.e. shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tile fish).

  2. 2.

    The American Cancer Society’s recommendation for alcohol intake was recently reduced to no more than 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men [146], in response to findings of alcohol-cancer links [21] even with intake previously considered ‘low’ [21, 21, 147–149].

Abbreviations

ARA:

Arachidonic acid

ALA:

Alpha-linolenic acid

AT:

Adipose tissue

BMI:

Body mass index

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EFA:

Essential fatty acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic Acid

FA:

Fatty acid

FFM:

Fat-free mass

FMD:

Flow-mediated dilatation

GI:

Glycemic index

GL:

Glycemic load

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IHD:

Ischemic heart disease

IL:

Interleukin

kcal:

Kilocalorie

LA:

Linoleic acid

LCPUFA:

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LE:

Life expectancy

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

mmol:

Millimole

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

n-:

Omega (-3, -6, -9 unsaturated fatty acids)

NCEP:

National Cholesterol Education Project

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

PCOS:

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

P:S:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid (ratio)

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

REE:

Resting energy expenditure

RR:

Risk ratio

SAT:

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

tFA:

trans-fatty acid

TG:

Triglycerides

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

VAT:

Visceral adipose tissue

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

WC:

Waist circumference

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks Ossie Sharon, M.S., R.D. and Hagit Hershkowitz-Friedman, M.Sc. for their assistance in this chapter.

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  1. Institute for Nutritional Research, Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital), Petah Tikva, Israel, Office: 5 Kehilat Zitomir Tel Aviv, Petah Tikva, Israel

    Niva Shapira

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  1. Niva Shapira
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Correspondence to Niva Shapira .

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  1. place de Jamblinne de Meux 12, Bruxelles, 1030, Belgium

    Vincenzo Costigliola

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Shapira, N. (2012). A Gender-Specific Nutritional Approach to Women’s Healthcare. In: Costigliola, V. (eds) Healthcare Overview. Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4602-2_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4602-2_15

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