Abstract
The possibility to use sources and techniques of electronic communication in Polish civil procedure has been in force since January 1st, 2010, which is since the amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure was passed. The amendment involves the introduction of a new manner of conducting legal action which is electronic proceedings by writ of payment based on the plaintiff’s statement.
Electronic proceedings by writ of payment find application in any case in which the plaintiff files pecuniary claims, regardless of the amount. Generally, it must be stated that electronic proceedings by writ of payment are designed to make pecuniary claims which are not of complex character, which are proved by documents (most often invoices or other receipts), and which are not disputed by debtors. The use of this kind of proceedings shall be the plaintiff’s right, not obligation.
In general, electronic proceedings by writ of payment may be defined as civil procedure which is simple (which means accessible), fast and cheap.
It must be noted that achieving goals designed for electronic proceedings by writ of payment requires creation of an efficient online system that manages the proceedings, as well as the acceptance of the new form by potential users of the system.
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Notes
- 1.
Electronic proceedings by writ of payment are basically regulated by the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (especially art. 50528–50537). Beside of the said regulation, executive orders are in force (resolutions of the Ministry of Justice) which refer to the manner of submitting statements of claims under electronic proceedings by writ of payment, manner of court fee payments, creating the account, manner of using the electronic signature and electronic deliveries in these proceedings.
- 2.
It is worth noticing that use of electronic communication sources is permitted in administrative proceedings, proceedings before administrative courts, criminal proceedings, as well as in other proceedings (e.g. application of the entry to the National Court Register may be filed online).
- 3.
K. Weitz, in J. Jodłowski, Z. Resich, J. Lapierre, T. Misiuk-Jodłowska and K. Weitz, Postępowanie cywilne (Civil Procedure) (Warsaw, 2009), 415–20.
- 4.
T. Zembrzuski, “Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze a skuteczność ochrony prawnej w postępowaniu cywilnym (Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment and the Effectiveness of Legal Protection in Civil Procedure)”, in Materials from 10th Department Conference on “Effectiveness of Law” organized by Law and Administration Department of the Warsaw University on February 27th, 2009, (Warsaw, 2009), 81.
- 5.
R. Kulski, in Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz pod red. K. Piaseckiego (Big Commentary to the Polish Code of Civil Procedure, ed. K. Piasecki), vol. II, (Warsaw, 2010), 751–53.
- 6.
Electronic delivery shall be made to specific e-mail address (account) which is created for needs of electronic proceedings by writ of payment.
- 7.
Sejm printout no. 859, p. 23; http://orka.sejm.gov.pl
- 8.
T. Zembrzuski, Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze…, (Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment…), 73. See also: J. Gołaczyński, Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze. Komentarz pod red. J. Gołaczyńskiego (Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment. Commentary, ed. J. Gołaczyński), (Warsaw, 2010), 161 and J. Widło, Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze (Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment) (Warsaw, 2010), 9.
- 9.
Electronic proceedings by writ of payment consider also other cases referred to in specific provisions.
- 10.
T. Zembrzuski, op.cit, 71.
- 11.
The plaintiff may select between filing the claim online (with the use of electronic devices) or initiate traditional civil procedure.
- 12.
J. Gołaczyński, “Elektroniczne czynności procesowe (Electronic Acts of Legal Procedure),” in Law of Electronic Media, vol. 1, (Addition to Monitor Prawniczy, 2004/4, 3–6).
- 13.
S. Cieślak, Formalizm postępowania cywilnego (Formalism of Civil Law Procedure) (Warsaw, 2008), 125, 211–3, 226. See also: E. Rudkowska–Ząbczyk, “Pisma procesowe wnoszone w postępowaniu cywilnym na elektronicznych nośnikach informatycznych (Statements of Claims Filed in Civil Law Procedure on Electronic Devices),” in Law of Electronic Media, (Addition to Monitor Prawniczy, 2006/16, 36–7).
- 14.
See: R. Kulski, Sprawozdanie z Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej pt. Elementy ustności i pisemności w postępowaniu sądowym: skuteczność w procesie cywilnym (Report on International Science Conference titled Oral and Written Elements in Court Proceedings: Effectiveness in Civil Law Procedure). The conference organized in Gandia-Valencia on 6–8.11.2008, Państwo i Prawo, 2009/8, 129–30.
- 15.
Elements (parts) of the claim are regulated in art. 187, and art. 126–128 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
- 16.
W. Broniewicz, Postępowanie cywilne w zarysie (Outline of Civil Law Procedure) (Warsaw, 2008), 191–3.
- 17.
See: K. Weitz, Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz pod red. T. Erecińskiego (Code of Civil Procedure. Commentary, ed. T. Ereciński), vol. 2, (Warsaw, 2009), 871.
- 18.
T. Zembrzuski, op. cit., 78.
- 19.
Compare explanatory statement of a bill pp. 14–15, and Legal Opinion of T. Zembrzuski to the draft of the Act on amendment of the Act – Civil Code and some other Acts (Sejm printout no. 859) developed against order of Office of Sejm Analysis at: http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/rexdomk6.nsf/Opdodr?OpenPage%26nr=859 [17.07.2009].
- 20.
Compare: D. Zawistowski, Kodeks postępowania cywilnego pod red. H. Doleckiego, T. Wiśniewskiego, Tom II (Code of Civil Procedure, ed. H. Dolecki and T. Wiśniewski), (Warsaw, 2010) 765-6, 768 and 769. It must be noted that online system shall not substitute human in issuance of decisions. In electronic admonition proceedings, modern technologies are only of important function in supporting the evidence.
- 21.
Within first year of electronic proceedings by writ of payment existence almost 700 thousand claims were filed to the District Court of Laws in Lublin. In 2010, above 613 thousand orders for payment were issued (data announced by the Ministry of Justice on 30 December 2010: http://www.ms.gov.pl/aktualno%3Bci). In 2011, 1.825.078 claims were filed to the “e-court”, and 1.467.843 claims were decided. Suability orders for payment is 3% (data announced by the Ministry of Justice on 21 December 2011: www.ms.gov.pl/aktualno%3Bci).
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Kulski, R. (2012). Remarks on the Polish Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment. In: Kengyel, M., Nemessányi, Z. (eds) Electronic Technology and Civil Procedure. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4072-3_10
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