Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Atmospheric Aerosol

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Atmospheric Chemist’s Companion

Abstract

The term aerosol refers to a suspension of fine particles in air. The principal sources of the aerosol in the troposphere are: (a) surface agitation by wind force, which generates soil dust, sea salt particles, and biogenic material; (b) high temperature processes including volcanic eruptions, forest fires and anthropogenic combustion processes; (c) chemical reactions leading to compounds with low vapor pressures such as the oxidation of SO2 to sulfuric acid, NO2 to nitric acid, or glyoxal to oxalic acid, and the neutralization of the acids by ammonia or alkaline minerals to form water-soluble salts. Particles in the size range above ∼0.1 μm act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). While most clouds evaporate again so that the aerosol particles are recycled, precipitation transfers the material to the earth surface. The particles are incorporated in rain water during the formation of precipitating clouds (nucleation scavenging) and by attachment to rain drops (below-cloud scavenging). Dry deposition also contributes to the removal of particles from the atmospheric boundary layer (primarily in the size range >5 μm). Directly emitted particles usually retain their original chemical character in the vicinity of sources, but during transport in the troposphere all particles undergo chemical modification both by the coagulation of small particles and by the accumulation of material resulting from chemical reactions occurring in the gas phase and in clouds. In the stratosphere the principal source of aerosol particles is the chemical conversion of sulfur compounds to sulfuric acid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Georgii, H.W., P. Warneck, in Global Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry, ed. by R. Zellner. Topics in Physical Chemistry, vol. 6 (Steinkopff, Darmstadt, 1999), pp. 111–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Heintzenberg, J., D.C. Covert, R. Van Dingenen, Tellus 52B, 1104–1122 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke, R., in Atmospheric Particles, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, ed. by R.M. Harrison, R. Van Grieken, vol. 5 (Wiley, Chichester, 2000), pp. 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Warneck, P., Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2000), Copyright Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreae, M.O,. in World Survey of Climatology, ed. by A. Henderson-Sellers. Future Climates of the World, vol. 16 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995), pp. 341–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreae, M.O., P. Merlet, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 955–966 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, T.C., D.G. Streets, K.F. Yarber, S.M. Nelson, J.-H. Woo, Z. Klimont, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D14203, 1–43 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, M., D. Jacob, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18691–18699 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentener, F.J., G.R. Carmichael, Y. Zhang, J. Lelieveld, P. Crutzen, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 22869–22889 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson III, D.J., C. Seuzaret, W.C. Keene, S.L. Gong, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8347–8372 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Generoso, S., F.M. Bréon, Y. Balkanski, O. Boucher, M. Schultz, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1211–1222 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J.M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, S.-J. Lin, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20255–20273 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, S.L., L.A. Barrie, M. Lazare, J. Geophys. Res. 107(D24), 4779, 1–14 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, R.J., D.R. Cocker III, J.H. Seinfeld, D. Dabdub, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2721–2724 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Grini, A., G. Myhre, J.K. Sundet, I.S.A. Isaksen, J. Clim. 15, 1717–1730 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, A., J.E. Penner, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB2028, 1–14 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, D., D. Jacob, I. Tegen, D. Rind, M. Chin, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23799–23822 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liousse, C., J.E. Penner, C. Chuang, J.J. Walton, H. Eddleman, H. Cachier, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19411–19432 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather, T.A., D.M. Pyle, C. Oppenheimer, in Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, ed. by A. Robock, C. Oppenheimer. Geophysical Monograph, vol. 137 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2003), pp. 189–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Niagru, J.O., Nature 338, 47–49 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niagru, J.O., J.M. Pacina, Nature 333, 134–139 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Takemura, T., H. Okamoto, Y. Marujama, A. Numaguti, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 17853–17873 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tegen, I., A.A. Lacis, I. Fung, Nature 380, 419–422 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tegen, I., P. Hollrig. M. Chin, I. Fung, D. Jacob, J. Penner, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 23895–23915 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tegen, I., S.P. Harrison, K. Kohfeld, I.C. Prentice, J. Geophys. Res. 107, D21, 4576 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD000963

    Google Scholar 

  • Warneck, P., Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, F., R. Dams, L. Guzman, J.W. Winchester, Atmos. Environ. 11, 629–634 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiuppa, A., G. Dongarrà, M. Valenza, Degassing of trace volatile metals during the 2001 eruption of Etna, in Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, ed. by A. Robock, C. Oppenheimer. Geophysical Monograph 137 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2003), pp. 41–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Amundsen, C.E., J.E. Hanssen, A. Semb, E. Steinnes, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 1309–1324 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, F., C. Orsini, W. Maenhaut, Atmos. Environ. 28, 2307–2315 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arimoto, R., X.Y. Zhang, B.J. Huebert, C.H. Kang, D.L. Savoie, J.M. Prospero, S.K. Sage, C.A. Schloesslin, H.M. Khaing, S.N. Oh, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D19S04 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JD004323

    Google Scholar 

  • Artaxo, P., H. Storms, F. Bruynseels, R. Van Grieken, W. Maenhaut, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1605–1615 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Begum, B.A., E. Kim, S.K. Biswas, P.K. Hopke, Atmos. Environ. 38, 3025–3038 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, J.J., J.C. Chow, J.G. Watson, F. Wu, Y.M. Han, Z.D. Jin, Z.X. Shen, Z.S. An, Atmos. Environ. 42, 2261–2275 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castanho, A.D.A., P. Artaxo, Atmos. Environ. 35, 4889–4902 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawse, P.A., in Pollutant Transport and Fate in Terrestrial Ecosystems, ed. by P.J. Coughtry, M.H. Martin, M.H. Unsworth. Special Publication No. 6, British Ecological Society (Blackwell, Oxford, 1987), pp. 89–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Celis, J.E., J.R. Morales, C.A. Zaror, J.C. Inzunza, Chemosphere 54, 541–550 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y.C., R.W. Simpson, G.H. McTainsh, P.D. Vowles, D.D. Cohen, G.M. Bailey, Atmos. Environ. 31, 3773–3785 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C.Y., K.K. Wong, Atmos. Environ. 36, 265–277 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, E.M. Fujita, Z. Lu, D.R. Lawson, Atmos. Environ. 28, 2061–2080 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, M.C. Green, D.H. Lowenthal, B. Bates, W. Oslund, G. Torres, Atmos. Environ. 34, 1833–1843 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, L.L. Ashbaugh, K.L. Magliano, Atmos. Environ. 37, 1317–1340 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornille, P., W. Maenhaut, J.M. Pacyna, Atmos. Environ. 24A 1083–1093 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crecelius, E.A., E.A. Lepel, J.C. Laul, L.A. Rancitelli, R.L. McKeever, Environ. Sci. Technol. 14, 422–428 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, B.M., D.L. Finnegan, W.H. Zoller, W.V. Boynton, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13708–13714 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, W.C., W.H. Zoller, J. Aerosol Sci. 12, 367–384 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Desboeufs, K.V., A. Sofikitis, R. Losno, J.L. Colin, P. Ausset, Chemosphere 58, 195–203 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duce, R.A., R. Arimoto, B.J. Ray, C.K. Unni, P.J. Harder, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5321–5342 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzubay, T.G., R. Stevens, G.E. Gordon, I. Olmez, A.E. Sheffield, W.J. Courtney, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 46–52 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eltayeb, M.A.H., C.F. Xhofer, P.J. Van Espen, R.E. Van Grieken, Atmos. Environ. 27B 67–76 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladney, E.S., J.A. Small, G.E. Gordon, W.H. Zoller, Atmos. Environ. 10, 1071–1077 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hien, P.D., N.T. Binh, Y. Truong, N.T. Ngo, Atmos. Environ. 33, 3133–3142 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildemann, L.M., G.R. Markowski, G.R. Cass, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 744–759 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, K.F., S.C. Lee, C.K. Chan, J.C. Yu, J.C. Chow, X.H. Yao, Atmos. Environ. 37, 31–39 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X., I. Olmez, N.K. Aras, Atmos. Environ. 28, 1385–1391 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, F.E., G.P. Huffman, J.D. Robertson, J. Hazardous Mat. 74, 1–23 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, K., N. Xue, G. Thurston, Atmos. Environ. 38, 5269–5282 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke, R., L. Schütz, Aerosol physics and chemistry, in Meterologie, ed. by G. Fischer. Landolt-Börnstein, Neue Serie 4b (Springer, Berlin, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.L., B.L. Davis, T.G. Dzubay, H. Hasan, E.R. Crutcher, W.J. Courtney, J.M. Jaklevic, A.C. Thompson, Atmos. Environ. 18, 1539–1553 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, K., Atmos. Environ. 27A, 823–830 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K.-H., G.-H. Choi, C.-H. Kang, J.-H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, Y.H. Youn, S.R. Lee, Atmos. Environ. 37, 753–765 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D.H. et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 9, 973–979 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepel, E.A., K.M. Stefansson, W.H. Zoller, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 6213–6220 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.-S., Atmos. Environ. 28, 3139–3144 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maenhaut, W., W.H. Zoller, R.A. Duce, G.L. Hoffman, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2421–2431 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maenhaut, W., P. Cornille, J.M. Pacyna, V. Vitols, Atmos. Environ. 23, 2551–2569 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maenhaut, W., G. Ducastel, C. Leck, D. Nilsson, J. Heintzenberg, Tellus 48B, 300–321 (1996a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maenhaut, W., F. Francois, J. Cafmeyer, O. Okunade, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 109/110, 476–481 (1996b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Matschullat, J., W. Maenhaut, F. Zimmermann, J. Fiebig, Atmos. Environ. 34, 3213–3221 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Na, K., A.A. Sawant, D.R. Cocker III, Atmos. Environ. 38, 2867–2877 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakkanen, T.A., K. Loukkola, C.H. Korhonen, M. Aurela, T. Mäkelä, R.E. Hillamo, P. Aarnio, T. Koskentalo, A. Kousa, W. Maenhaut, Atmos. Environ. 35, 5381–5391 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Penkett, S.A., D.H.F. Atkins, M.H. Unsworth, Tellus 31, 295–307 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Polissar, A.V., P.K. Hopke, W.C. Malm, J.F. Sisler, Atmos. Environ. 30, 1147–1157 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Polissar, A.V., P.K. Hopke, R.L. Poirot, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4604–4621 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Querol, X., A. Alastuey, S. Rodriguez, F. Plana, E. Mantilla, C.R. Ruiz, Atmos. Environ. 35, 845–858 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Querol, X., A. Alastuey, J. de la Rosa, A. Sánchez-de-la-Campa, F. Plana, C.R. Ruiz, Atmos. Environ. 36, 3113–3125 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahn, K.A., R.D. Borys, G.E. Shaw, L. Schütz, R. Jaenicke, in Saharan Dust, ed. by C. Morales (Wiley, Chichester, 1979), pp. 49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, C.M., P. Artaxo, R. Van Grieken, Atmos. Environ. 24B, 227–241 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salma, I., W. Maenhaut, E. Zemplé-Papp, G. Záray, Atmos. Environ. 35, 4367–4378 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y., G. Zhuang, Y. Wang, L. Han, J. Guo, M. Dan, W. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z. Hao, Atmos. Environ. 38, 5991–6004 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., L. Morawska, Atmos. Environ. 36, 4277–4288 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuncel, G., N.K. Aras, W.H. Zoller, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 13025–13038 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.F., K.-L. Huang, C.-T. Li, H.-H. Mi, J.-H. Luo, P.-J. Tsai, Atmos. Environ. 37, 4637–4643 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wangen, L.E., Environ. Sci. Technol. 15, 1080–1088 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamasoe, M.A., P. Artaxo, A.H. Miguel, A.G. Allen, Atmos. Environ. 24, 1641–1653 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yatin, M., S. Tuncel, N.K. Aras, I. Olmez, S. Aygun, G. Tuncel, Atmos. Environ. 34, 1305–1318 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Abas, M.R.B., N.A. Rahman, N.Y.M.J. Omar, M.J. Maah, A.A. Samah, D.R. Oros, A. Otto, B.R.T. Simoneit, Atmos. Environ. 38, 4223–4241 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, C.A., Ann. Brazilian Acad. Sci. 80, 21–82 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, C., A. Carvalho, C. Pio, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8345–8353 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, C., C. Pio, A. Carvalho, C. Santos, Chemosphere 63, 153–164 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, C., T. Oliveira, C. Pio, A.J.D. Silvestre, P. Fialho, F. Barata, M. Legrand, Atmos. Environ. 41, 1359–1373 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo, D.A., L.S. Moreira, D.S. de Siqueira, Atmos. Environ. 33, 4987–5001 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo, D.A., C.Y.M. dos Santos, F.R.A. Neto, Atmos. Environ. 36, 2383–2395 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, S., M.P. Fraser, Atmos. Environ. 41, 2958–2966 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi, X., G. Sheng, P. Peng, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, Atmos. Environ. 37, 289–298 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, S.M., W. Elbert, M.G. Lawrence, U. Pöschl, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 9263–9280 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, T.M., V.Y. Seaman, M.J. Charles, R. Holzinger, A.H. Goldstein, J. Geophys. Res. 111, D16312 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JD007178

    Google Scholar 

  • Caricchia, A.M., S. Chiavarini, M. Pezza, Atmos. Environ. 33, 3731–3738 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cincinelli, A., M. Del Bubba, T. Martinelli, A. Gambaro, L. Lepri, Chemosphere 68, 472–478 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallarosa, J.B., J.G. Mônego, E.C. Teixeira, J.L. Stefens, F. Wiegand, Atmos. Environ. 39, 1609–1625 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbert, W., P.E. Taylor, M.O. Andreae, U. Pöschl, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4569–4588 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Engling, G., P. Herckes, S.M. Kreidenweis, W.C. Malm, J.L. Collett, Atmos. Environ. 40, 2959–2972 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G.-C., Y.-S. Wu, M.-H. Chen, T.-T. Ho, S.H. Huang, J.-Y. Rau, Atmos. Environ. 38, 3385–3391 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, M.P., Z.W. Yue, R.J. Tropp, S.D. Kohl, J.C. Chow, Atmos. Environ. 36, 5751–5758 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagosian, R.B., O.C. Zafiriou, E.T. Peltzer, J.B. Alford, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 11133–11144 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagosian, R.B., E.T. Peltzer, J.T. Merrill, Nature 325, 800–803 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B., P. Guyon, P.E. Taylor, P. Artaxo, W. Maenhaut, M.M. Glovsky, R.C. Flagan, M.O. Andreae, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4766 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003JD003990

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, H., S.C. Lee, K.F. Ho, X.M. Wang, S.C. Zou, Atmos. Environ. 37, 5307–5317 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsall, C.J., P.J. Coleman, B. J. Davis, V. Burnett, K.S. Waterhouse, P. Harding-Jones, K.C. Jones, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 2380–2386 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrad, S., S. Hassoun, M.S. Callén Romero, R.M. Harrison, Atmos. Environ. 37, 4985–4991 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke, R., S. Matthias-Maser, S. Gruber, Environ. Chem. 4, 217–220 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalaitzoglou, M., E. Terzi, C. Samara, Atmos. Environ. 38, 2545–2560 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavouras, I.G., N. Mihalopoulos, E.G. Stephanou, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1028–1037 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K., K. Usukura, J. Oceanogr. 49, 271–283 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K., O. Yasui, Atmos. Environ. 39, 1945–1960 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K., H. Kasukabe, L.A. Barrie, Atmos. Environ. 30, 1709–1722 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K., R. Sempéré, Y. Imai, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18721–18728 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, K., Y. Ishimura, K. Yamazaki, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 1003 (2003). doi:10.1029/2001GB001810

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, M., R.S. Hamilton, J. Watt, I.D. Williams, Atmos. Environ. 35, 2483–2495 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubátova, A., R. Vermeylen, M. Claeys, J. Cafmeyer, W. Maenhaut, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8343 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD000556

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammel, G., J. Klánová, P. Ilić, J. Kohoutek, B. Gasić, I. Kovacić, N. Lakić, R. Radić, Atmos. Environ. 44, 5015–5021 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R.G., R.W. Coutant, in Gas and Particle Phase Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds, ed. by D.A. Lane (Gordon and Breach Science Publication, Amsterdam, 1999), pp. 201–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, M.C.H., G.A. Ayoko, L. Morawska, Atmos. Environ. 39, 463–476 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Limbeck, A., H. Puxbaum, Atmos. Environ. 33, 1847–1852 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Limbeck, A., H. Puxbaum, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19857–19867 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandalakis, M., M. Tsapakis, A. Tsoga, E.G. Stephanou, Atmos. Environ. 36, 4023–4035 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthias-Maser, S., in Atmospheric Particles, ed. by R.M. Harrison, R. Van Grieken. IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, vol. 5 (Wiley, Chichester, 1998), pp. 349–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Pio, C., C. Alves, A. Duarte, Atmos. Environ. 35, 389–401 (2001a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pio, C., C. Alves, A. Duarte, Atmos. Environ. 35, 1365–1375 (2001b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Plewka, A., T. Gnauk, E. Brüggemann, H. Herrmann, Atmos. Environ. 40, S103–S115 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Poor, N., R. Tremblay, H. Kay, V. Bhethanabotla, E. Swartz, M. Luther, S. Campbell, Atmos. Environ. 38, 6005–6015 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Possanzini, M., V. Di Palo, P. Gigliucci, M.C. Tomasi Scianò, A. Cecinato, Atmos. Environ. 38, 1727–1734 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, W.F., M.A. Mazurek, L.M. Hildemann, G.R. Cass, B.R.T. Simoneit, Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1309–1330 (1993a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, B.R.T. Simoneit, Envion. Sci. Technol. 27, 636–651, 1892–1904 (1993b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, B.R.T. Simoneit, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2700–2711 (1993c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, B.R.T. Simoneit, Envion. Sci. Technol. 32, 13–22 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Satsumabayashi, H., H. Kurita, Y. Yokouchi, H. Ueda, Atmos. Environ. 24A, 1443–1450 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J.K., R.B. Gagosian, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 7889–7898 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 23, 207–237 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., J. Atmos. Chem. 8, 231–275 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., Appl. Geohem. 17, 129–162 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., R. Chester, G. Eglinton, Nature 267, 682–685 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., J.N. Cardoso, N. Robinson, Chemosphere 21, 1285–1301 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., J.N. Cardoso, N. Robinson, Chemosphere 23, 447–465 (1991a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit, B.R.T., P.T. Crisp, M.A. Mazurek, L.J. Standley, Environ. Intern. 17, 405–419 (1991b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.J.T., R.M. Harrison, Atmos. Environ. 30, 2513–2525 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.J.T., R.M. Harrison, L. Luhana, C.A. Pio, L.M. Castro, M.N. Tariq, S. Hayat, T. Quraishi, Atmos. Environ. 23, 4031–4040 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsapakis, M., E.G. Stephanou, Environ. Pollut. 133, 147–156 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsapakis, M., E. Lagoudaki, E.G. Stephanou, I. G. Kavouras, P. Koutrakis, P. Oyola, D. von Baer, Atmos. Environ. 36, 3851–3863 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., K. Kawamura, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 7430–7438 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., K. Kawamura, K.F. Ho, S.C. Lee, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6255–6260 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Winiwarter, W., H. Bauer, A. Caseiro, H. Puxbaum, Atmos. Environ. 43, 1403–1409 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yassaa, N., B.Y. Meklati, A. Cecinato, Atmos. Environ. 35, 1843–1851 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., R.J. Griffin, D.R. Cocker, R.C. Flagan, J.H. Seinfeld, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1145–1148 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue, Z., M.P. Fraser, Atmos. Environ. 38, 3253–3261 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zappoli, S., A. Andracchio, S. Fuzzi, M.C. Facchini, A. Gelencsér, G. Kiss, Z. Krivácsy, A. Molnár, E. Mészáros, H.-C. Hansson, K. Rosman, Y. Zebühr, Atmos. Environ. 33, 2733–2743 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, M., M. Fang, F. Wang, K.L. To, Atmos. Environ. 34, 2691–2702 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, M., G.R. Cass, J.J. Schauer, E.S. Edgerton, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 2361–2371 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodyn. 24, 619–626 (1992), 25, 63–71, 1513–1520 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Apelblat, A., E. Korin, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 30, 59–71 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin, Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8th edn., System Number 21 (Na), 27 (Mg), 28 (Ca) (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1939, 1957, 1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hänel, G., M. Lehmann, Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 54, 57–71 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lide, D.R. (ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Malm, W.C., D.E. Day, Atmos. Environ. 35, 2845–2860 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • McFiggans, G., P. Artaxo, U. Baltensperger, H. Coe, M.C. Facchini, G. Feingold, S. Fuzzi, M. Gysel, A. Laaksonen, U. Lohmann, T.F. Mentel, D.M. Murphy, C.D. O’Dowd, J.R. Snider, E. Weingartner, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2593–2649 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R.A., R.H. Stokes, Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd edn. (Butterworth, London, 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidell, A., W.F. Linke, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, I.N., H.R. Munkelwitz, J. Aerosol Sci. 8, 321–330 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, I.N., H.R. Munkelwitz, Atmos. Environ. 27A, 467–473 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, I., H.R. Munkelwitz, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 18801–18808 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, E.W. (ed.), International Critical Tables III (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, P., Physica Scripta 37, 223–230 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, P., C. Junge, J. Rech. Atmos. 6, 617–638 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

    Dr. Peter Warneck & Dr. Jonathan Williams

Authors
  1. Dr. Peter Warneck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Jonathan Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Warneck, P., Williams, J. (2012). The Atmospheric Aerosol. In: The Atmospheric Chemist’s Companion. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2275-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation