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Observations in the Ocean

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Arctic Climate Change

Part of the book series: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library ((ATSL,volume 43))

Abstract

The chapter begins with an overview of the exploratory work done in the Arctic Ocean from the mid nineteenth century to 1980, when its main features became known and a systematic study of the Arctic Ocean evolved. The following section concentrates on the decade between 1980 and 1990, when the first scientific icebreaker expeditions penetrated into the Arctic Ocean, when large international programme were launched, and the understanding of the circulation and of the processes active in the Arctic Ocean deepened. The main third section deals with the studies and the advances made during the ACSYS decade. The section has three headings: the circulation and the transformation of water masses; the changes that have been observed in the Arctic Ocean, especially during the last decades; and the transports between the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding world ocean through the different passages, Fram Strait, Barents Sea, Bering Strait and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In section four, the Arctic Ocean is considered as a part of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea, and the impacts of possible climatic changes on the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean and on the exchanges with the world ocean are discussed.

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Acknowledgement

The writing and revision of this study have extended over a considerable period of time, and economic support has been obtained from various sources during various phases of the writing process. The more important of these sources are: ASOF-N (contract No EVK2-CT-2002–00139) (BR, PE, EF, US), DAMOCLES (Contract No 018509) (BR, LA, PE, EF, US,) The Academy of Finland (No. 210551) (BR), the Canadian Panel of Energy Research and Development (EPJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Bert Rudels

  2. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland

    Bert Rudels & Patrick Eriksson

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden

    Leif Anderson

  4. Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 120161, D-27515, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Eberhard Fahrbach & Ursula Schauer

  5. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    Martin Jakobsson

  6. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1006, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada

    E. Peter Jones & Simon Prinsenberg

  7. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada, V8L 4B2

    Humfrey Melling

  8. 3989 W 18th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6S 1B6

    Tom Yao

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Correspondence to Bert Rudels .

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  1. Polar- und Meeresforschung, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Peter Lemke

  2. Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany

    Hans-Werner Jacobi

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Rudels, B. et al. (2012). Observations in the Ocean. In: Lemke, P., Jacobi, HW. (eds) Arctic Climate Change. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, vol 43. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2027-5_4

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