Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death by cancer in women, with an alarming year-by-year increase in incidence. Conventional cancer therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and targeted therapy, play an important role in the treatment of breast cancer; however, drug resistance, severe side effect, and high recurrent rate significantly limit the effectiveness of current clinical treatments. Plant-based system has been used for treatment or prevention of various human diseases throughout history. The pressing need for development of new therapeutic or preventive agents for breast cancer has spurred the search for bioactive phytocompounds with novel modes of action. In this chapter, we review the current limitation of conventional chemo- or targeted-therapeutic drugs for breast cancer, and summarize some potential novel phytoagents discovered from dietary vegetables or traditional herbal medicines as alternative options or future medicine for breast cancer. We explore the mechanistic insights of these natural phytoagents against various types of breast cancer and discuss their therapeutic potential, alone or in combination, with current clinical drugs.
†equally contribution
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Cancer Society (2010) Cancer facts & figures 2010. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Bachmeier B, Nerlich AG, Iancu CM et al (2007) The chemopreventive polyphenol curcumin prevents hematogenous breast cancer metastases in immunodeficient mice. Cell Physiol Biochem 19:137–152
Bardon S, Picard K, Martel P (1998) Monoterpenes inhibit cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cyclin D1 gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 32:1–7
Bayet-Robert M, Kwiatkowski F, Leheurteur M et al (2010) Phase I dose escalation trial of Âdocetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 9:8–14
Belguise K, Guo S, Sonenshein GE (2007) Activation of FOXO3a by the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces estrogen receptor α expression reversing invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 67:5763–5770
Bui-Xuan NH, Tang PM, Wong CK et al (2010) Photo-activated pheophorbide-a, an active component of Scutellaria barbata, enhances apoptosis via the suppression of ERK-mediated autophagy in the estrogen receptor-negative human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231. J Ethnopharmacol 131:95–103
Chabner BA, Roberts TG Jr (2005) Timeline: chemotherapy and the war on cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 5:65–72
Chan AL, Chang WS, Chen LM et al (2009) Evodiamine stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA cleavable complex to inhibit topoisomerase I activity. Molecules 14:1342–1352
Choi S, Kim TW, Singh SV (2009) Ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells is caused by p15Ink4B and p27Kip1-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. Pharm Res 26:2280–2288
Choi WY, Kim GY, Lee WH et al (2008) Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells through a reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Chemotherapy 54:279–287
Chung H, Jung YM, Shin DH et al (2008) Anticancer effects of wogonin in both estrogen Âreceptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in nude mice Âxenografts. Int J Cancer 122:816–822
Chung SY, Sung MK, Kim NH et al (2005) Inhibition of p-glycoprotein by natural products in human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 28:823–828
Cragg GM, Grothaus PG, Newman DJ (2009) Impact of natural products on developing new anti-cancer agents. Chem Rev 109:3012–3043
Crowell PL (1997) Monoterpenes in breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 46:191–197
Das T, Sa G, Saha B et al (2010) Multifocal signal modulation therapy of cancer: ancient weapon, modern targets. Mol Cell Biochem 336:85–95
Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) (2005) Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365:1687–1717
Farabegoli F, Papi A, Orlandi M (2011) -(−)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 EMMPRIN and inhibits the invasion of MCF-7 tamoxifen resistant cells. Biosci Rep. 31:99–108
Fong S, Shoemaker M, Cadaoas J et al (2008) Molecular mechanisms underlying selective cytotoxic activity of BZL101, an extract of Scutellaria barbata, towards breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 7:577–586
Gerber B, Freund M, Reimer T (2010) Recurrent breast cancer: treatment strategies for maintaining and prolonging good quality of life. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107:85–91
Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H et al (2010) What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials? Drug Discov Today 15:668–678
Gianni L, Baselga J, Eiermann W et al (2009) Phase III trial evaluating the addition of paclitaxel to doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil, as adjuvant or primary systemic therapy: European cooperative trial in operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:2474–2481
Gottesman MM, Fojo T, Bates SE (2002) Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters. Nat Rev Cancer 2:48–58
Holy J, Lamont G, Perkins E (2006) Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II by sanguinarine. BMC Cell Biol 7:13
Hou CC, Chen YP, Wu JH et al (2007) A galactolipid possesses novel cancer chemopreventive effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators and mouse B16 melanoma. Cancer Res 67:6907–6915
Hua S, Kittler R, White KP (2009) Genomic antagonism between retinoic acid and estrogen signaling in breast cancer. Cell 137:1259–1271
Huang CC, Lo CP, Chiu CY et al (2010) Deoxyelephantopin, a novel multifunctional agent, suppresses mammary tumour growth and lung metastasis and doubles survival time in mice. Br J Pharmacol 159:856–871
Huang Z, Chen G, Shi P (2008) Emodin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer BCap-37 cells through the mitochondrial signaling pathway. Arch Pharm Res 31:742–748
Iwata H (2009) Neo(adjuvant) trastuzumab treatment: current perspectives. Breast Cancer 16:288–294
Jiang J, Hu C (2009) Evodiamine: a novel anti-cancer alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa. Molecules 14:1852–1859
Jordan VC (2007) Chemoprevention of breast cancer with selective oestrogen-receptor modulators. Nat Rev Cancer 7:46–53
Jordan MA, Wilson L (2004) Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nat Rev Cancer 4:253–265
Jurenka JS (2009) Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research. Altern Med Rev 14:141–153
Kang DW, Lee JY, Oh DH et al (2009a) Triptolide-induced suppression of phospholipase D expression inhibits proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 41:678–685
Kang HJ, Lee SH, Price JE et al (2009b) Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxel-induced nuclear factor-κB in breast cancer cells and potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of paclitaxel in a breast cancer nude mice model. Breast J 15:223–229
Kang L, Ding L, Wang ZY (2009c) Isothiocyanates repress estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 21:185–192
Keefe SM, Demichele A (2010) The expanding role of bevacizumab in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 12:22–25
Kim JB, Yu JH, Ko E et al (2010) The alkaloid berberine inhibits the growth of Anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Phytomedicine 17:436–440
Kim S, Choi JH, Kim JB et al (2008a) Berberine suppresses TNF-α-induced MMP-9 and cell invasion through inhibition of AP-1 activity in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Molecules 13:2975–2985
Kim S, Lee TJ, Leem J et al (2008b) Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis: generation of ROS, down-regulation of Bcl-2, c-FLIP, and synergy with TRAIL. J Cell Biochem 104:895–907
Kingston DG (2009) Tubulin-interactive natural products as anticancer agents. J Nat Prod 72:507–515
Koay DC, Zerillo C, Narayan M et al (2010) Anti-tumor effects of retinoids combined with trastuzumab or tamoxifen in breast cancer cells: induction of apoptosis by retinoid/trastuzumab combinations. Breast Cancer Res 12:R62
Koop CE (2002) The future of medicine. Science 295:33
Kousidou O, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK (2006) Effects of the natural isoflavonoid genistein on growth, signaling pathways and gene expression of matrix macromolecules by breast cancer cells. Mini Rev Med Chem 6:331–337
Kren V, Walterova D (2005) Silybin and silymarin – new effects and applications. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 149:29–41
Labbozzetta M, Notarbartolo M, Poma P et al (2009) Curcumin as a possible lead compound against hormone-independent, multidrug-resistant breast cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1155:278–283
Lai H, Nakase I, Lacoste E et al (2009) Artemisinin-transferrin conjugate retards growth of breast tumors in the rat. Anticancer Res 29:3807–3810
Langroudi L, Hassan ZM, Ebtekar M et al (2010) A comparison of low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment with artemisinin treatment in reducing the number of regulatory T cells in murine breast cancer model. Int Immunopharmacol 10:1055–1061
Lau WS, Chen WF, Chan RY et al (2009) Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates the oestrogen-like activities of ginsenoside Rg1 in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Br J Pharmacol 156:1136–1146
Lee WL, Wen TN, Shiau JY et al (2010) Differential proteomic profiling identifies novel molecular targets of paclitaxel and phytoagent deoxyelephantopin against mammary adenocarcinoma cells. J Proteome Res 9:237–253
Liao CH, Pan SL, Guh JH et al (2005) Antitumor mechanism of evodiamine, a constituent from chinese herb Evodiae fructus, in human multiple-drug resistant breast cancer NCI/ADR-RES cells in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26:968–975
Liby KT, Yore MM, Sporn MB (2007) Triterpenoids and rexinoids as multifunctional agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 7:357–369
Limer JL, Parkes AT, Speirs V (2006) Differential response to phytoestrogens in endocrine sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 119:515–521
Lin FM, Tsai CH, Yang YC et al (2008) A novel diterpene suppresses CWR22Rv1 tumor growth in vivo through antiproliferation and proapoptosis. Cancer Res 68:6634–6642
Liu J, He C, Zhou K et al (2009a) Coptis extracts enhance the anticancer effect of estrogen receptor antagonists on human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 378:174–178
Liu J, Jiang Z, Xiao J et al (2009b) Effects of triptolide from Tripterygium wilfordii on ER and p53 expression in two human breast cancer cell lines. Phytomedicine 16:1006–1013
Liu SV, Melstrom L, Yao K et al (2010) Neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 101:283–291
Li-Weber M (2009) New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents wogonin, baicalein and baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 35:57–68
Lopez-Lazaro M (2008) Anticancer and carcinogenic properties of curcumin: considerations for its clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:S103–S127
Lurje G, Lenz HJ (2009) EGFR signaling and drug discovery. Oncology 77:400–410
Mai Z, Blackburn GL, Zhou JR (2007) Genistein sensitizes inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 46:534–542
Moulder S, Hortobagyi GN (2008) Advances in the treatment of breast cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:26–36
Mukai H (2010) Targeted therapy in breast cancer: current status and future directions. Jpn J Clin Oncol 40:711–716
Musgrove EA, Sutherland RL (2009) Biological determinants of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 9:631–643
Nakase I, Lai H, Singh NP et al (2008) Anticancer properties of artemisinin derivatives and their targeted delivery by transferrin conjugation. Int J Pharm 354:28–33
Newman DJ (2008) Natural products as leads to potential drugs: an old process or the new hope for drug discovery? J Med Chem 51:2589–2599
Nizamutdinova IT, Lee GW, Lee JS et al (2008a) Tanshinone I suppresses growth and invasion of human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, through regulation of adhesion molecules. Carcinogenesis 29:1885–1892
Nizamutdinova IT, Lee GW, Son KH et al (2008b) Tanshinone I effectively induces apoptosis in estrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 33:485–491
Oakman C, Pestrin M, Cantisani E et al (2009) Adjuvant chemotherapy – the dark side of clinical trials. Have we learnt more? Breast 18:S18–S24
Perez AT, Arun B, Tripathy D et al (2010) A phase 1B dose escalation trial of Scutellaria barbata (BZL101) for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120:111–118
Pokharel YR, Kim ND, Han HK et al (2010) Increased ubiquitination of multidrug resistance 1 by ginsenoside Rd. Nutr Cancer 62:252–259
Privat M, Aubel C, Arnould S et al (2010) Akt and p21WAF1/CIP1 as potential genistein targets in BRCA1-mutant human breast cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 30:2049–2054
Provinciali M, Papalini F, Orlando F et al (2007) Effect of the silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB 1016) on the development of mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res 67:2022–2029
Rabi T, Bishayee A (2009) Terpenoids and breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115:223–239
Raina K, Agarwal R (2007) Combinatorial strategies for cancer eradication by silibinin and cytotoxic agents: efficacy and mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 28:1466–1475
Safavy A (2008) Recent developments in taxane drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 5:42–54
Salminen A, Lehtonen M, Paimela T et al (2010) Celastrol: molecular targets of Thunder God Vine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394:439–442
Sarkar FH, Li Y (2006) Using chemopreventive agents to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy. Cancer Res 66:3347–3350
Sarkar FH, Li Y, Wang Z et al (2009) Cellular signaling perturbation by natural products. Cell Signal 21:1541–1547
Scandlyn MJ, Stuart EC, Somers-Edgar TJ et al (2008) A new role for tamoxifen in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer when it is combined with epigallocatechin gallate. Br J Cancer 99:1056–1063
Shahani K, Swaminathan SK, Freeman D et al (2010) Injectable sustained release microparticles of curcumin: a new concept for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 70:4443–4452
Shyur LF, Chen CH, Lo CP et al (2004) Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by phytochemicals from Anoectochilus formosanus. J Biomed Sci 11:928–939
Shyur LF, Yang NS, Kang PL et al (2006) Use of Anoectochilus formosanus plant extracts and their derived fractions as herbal medicines or nutraceutical supplements for chemoprevention or treatment of human malignancies. US patent issued no 7033617
Su M, Wu X, Chung HY et al (2009) Antiproliferative activities of five Chinese medicinal herbs and active compounds in Elephantopus scaber. Nat Prod Commun 4:1025–1030
Suganuma M, Okabe S, Oniyama M et al (1998) Wide distribution of [3  H](−)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis 19:1771–1776
Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X et al (2010) A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther 18:1606–1614
Sundar SN, Marconett CN, Doan VB et al (2008) Artemisinin selectively decreases functional levels of estrogen receptor-alpha and ablates estrogen-induced proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29:2252–2258
Sung B, Park B, Yadav VR et al (2010) Celastrol, a triterpene, enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the down-regulation of cell survival proteins and up-regulation of death receptors. J Biol Chem 285:11498–11507
Takimoto CH, Glover K, Huang X et al (2003) Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of unconjugated soy isoflavones administered to individuals with cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:1213–1221
Tang J, Feng Y, Tsao S et al (2009) Berberine and Coptidis rhizoma as novel antineoplastic agents: a review of traditional use and biomedical investigations. J Ethnopharmacol 126:5–17
Tang PM, Chan JY, Au SW et al (2006) Pheophorbide a, an active compound isolated from Scutellaria barbata, possesses photodynamic activities by inducing apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 5:1111–1116
Trock BJ, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R (2006) Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:459–471
Vargo-Gogola T, Rosen JM (2007) Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all. Nat Rev Cancer 7:659–672
Veronesi U, Mariani L, Decensi A et al (2006) Fifteen-year results of a randomized phase III trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast cancer. Ann Oncol 17:1065–1071
Vigushin DM, Poon GK, Boddy A et al (1998) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of D-limonene in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer research campaign phase I/II clinical trials committee. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42:111–117
Wang CY, Staniforth V, Chiao MT et al (2008) Genomics and proteomics of immune modulatory effects of a butanol fraction of Echinacea purpurea in human dendritic cells. BMC Genomics 9:479
Wang L, Ling Y, Chen Y et al (2010) Flavonoid baicalein suppresses adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 207:42–48
Wang X, Wei Y, Yuan S et al (2005) Potential anticancer activity of tanshinone IIA against human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 116:799–807
Wang X, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH (2007) New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen. Med Res Rev 27:133–148
Wu X, Zhou QH, Xu K (2009) Are isothiocyanates potential anti-cancer drugs? Acta Pharmacol Sin 30:501–512
Yang S, Chen J, Guo Z et al (2003) Triptolide inhibits the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2:65–72
Yang NS, Shyur LF, Chen CH et al (2004) Medicinal herb extract and a single-compound drug confer similar complex pharmacogenomic activities in MCF-7 cells. J Biomed Sci 11:418–422
Yang CS, Wang X, Lu G et al (2009) Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 9:429–439
Yang W, Ju JH, Jeon MJ et al (2010) Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) extract inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells via modulation of Akt activity and p27 level. Phytother Res 24:198–204
Zhang DY, Wu J, Ye F et al (2003) Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Scutellaria baicalensis. Cancer Res 63:4037–4043
Zhang L, Chang CJ, Bacus SS et al (1995) Suppressed transformation and induced differentiation of HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells by emodin. Cancer Res 55:3890–3896
Zhang L, Lau YK, Xia W et al (1999) Tyrosine kinase inhibitor emodin suppresses growth of HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells in athymic mice and sensitizes these cells to the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 5:343–353
Zhou QM, Wang S, Zhang H et al (2009) The combination of baicalin and baicalein enhances apoptosis via the ERK/p38 MAPK pathway in human breast cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 30:1648–1658
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lin, CH., Lee, WL., Shyur, LF. (2012). An Overview of the Current Development of Phytoremedies for Breast Cancer. In: Cho, W. (eds) Materia Medica for Various Cancers. Evidence-based Anticancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1983-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1983-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1982-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1983-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)