Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Deladenus siricidicola in Biological Control Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:

Abstract

The nematode, Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola, represents the cornerstone of Sirex noctilio biological control programs across the Southern Hemisphere. There is, however, significant variation in its efficacy in different regions. In this review, we consider emerging issues related to the biology and handling of the nematode that might influence its efficacy in biological control systems. Most practical aspects concerning the handling of D. siricidicola have been streamlined over the past half-century and these appear to be very efficient. However, large gaps remain in our knowledge about some key aspects of the biology of D. siricidicola. For example, very little is known regarding the evolution of virulence in the nematode populations, and the consequent evolution of resistance in S. noctilio populations. Furthermore, the levels of diversity in D. siricidicola and its ability to adapt to fungal, wasp and environmental variation are poorly understood. In this regard, new collections and storage of native populations of the Deladenus spp. are critical for the future research and management of this key biological control agent of S. noctilio.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alizon S, Hurford A, Mideo N, Baalen V (2009) Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future. J Evol Biol 22:245–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1967) Parasitic and free-living cycles in entomogenous nematodes of the genus Deladenus. Nature 214:174–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1968a) Deladenus wilsoni n.sp. and D. siricidicola n.sp. (Neotylenchidae), ­entomophagous-mycetophagous nematodes parasitic in siricid woodwasps. Nematologica 14:515–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1968b) Nematode parasitism of Siricidae and their hymenopterous parasites by Deladenus spp. (Neotylenchidae). In: Proceedings of the XIIIth international congress of ­entomology, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1972) Biology of Deladenus siricidicola (Neotylenchidae) an entomophagous-mycetophagous nematode parasitic in siricid woodwasps. Nematologica 18:482–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1974) Five new species of Deladenus (Neotylenchidae), entomophagous-mycetophagous nematodes parasitic in siricid woodwasps. Nematologica 20:204–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA (1979) Manipulating the entomophagous-mycetophagous nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, for biological control of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Australia. Current topics in forest entomology, USDA-Forest Service General Technical Report, WO-8, Hobart

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ (1974) Use of the nematode Deladenus siricidicola in the biological control of Sirex noctilio in Australia. J Aust Entomol Soc 13:129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ (1978) Geographical distribution and host preferences of Deladenus species (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) parasitic in siricid woodwasps and associated hymenopterous parasitoids. Nematologica 24:286–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding RA, Iede E (2005) Application of Beddingia siricidicola for Sirex woodwasp control. In: Grewal PS, Ehlers R-U, Shapiro-Ilan DI (eds) Nematodes as biocontrol agents. CAB International, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie AJ, Eldridge RH, Waterson DG (2005) History and management of Sirex wood wasp in pine plantations in New South Wales, Australia. N Z J For Sci 35:3–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie AJ, Matsuki M, Haugen DA, Hurley BP, Ahumada R, Klasmer P, Sun J, Iede ET (2006) Predicting the potential distribution of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a significant exotic pest of Pinus plantations. Ann For Sci 63:119–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collett NG, Elms S (2009) The control of sirex wood wasp using biological control agents in Victoria, Australia. Agric For Entomol 11:283–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corley JC, Villacide J (2005) Una visión dinámica del manejo de la plaga forestal Sirex noctilio. idia XXI:132–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskiviski E, de Coll O, Faraldo GS, Bennesch MA (2003) Efficiency of new isolations of Deladenus siricidicola B. in the biological control of Sirex noctilio F. X Jornadas Tecnicas Forestales y Ambientales-FCF. UNaM – EEA Monetecarlo, INTA

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskiviski E, Faraldo G, de Coll O (2004) Effects of the nematode Beddingia (=Deladenus) siricidicola parasitism in adult stage of wood wasp Sirex noctilio. 11as Jornadas Técnicas Forestales y Ambientales-FCF. UNaM – EEA Monetecarlo, INTA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson HS (1939) Ecological notes on the Sirex wood wasp and their parasites. Bull Entomol Res 30:27–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen DA (1990) Control procedures for Sirex noctilio in the green triangle: review from detection to severe outbreak (1977–1987). Aust For 53:24–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugen D, Underdown MG (1990) Sirex noctilio control program in response to the 1987 green triangle outbreak. Aust For 53:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugen D, Underdown MG (1993) Reduced parasitism of Sirex noctilio in radiata pines inoculated with the nematode Beddingia siricidicola during 1974–1989. Aust For 56:45–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking H (1967) A nematode (Deladenus sp.: Neotylenchidae) associated with Rhyssa spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), parasites of Siricid woodwasps. J Aust Entomol Soc 6:52–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley BP, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) A critical review of control of the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere, with a special emphasis on biological control. Agric For Entomol 9:159–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley B, Slippers B, Croft PK, Hatting HJ, van der Linde M, Morris AR, Dyer C, Wingfield MJ (2008) Factors influencing parasitism of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) by the nematode Deladenus siricidicola (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) in summer rainfall areas of South Africa. Biol Control 45:450–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iede ET, Penteado S, Schaitza EG (1998) Sirex noctilio problem in Brazil – detection, evaluation and control. In: Iede E, Schaitza E, Penteado S, Reardon R, Murphy T (eds) Proceedings of a conference: training in the control of Sirex noctilio by use of natural enemies, USDA Forest Service (FHTET 98–13), Morgantown, MV

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk AA (1974) Bioclimates of Australian Pinus radiata areas and Sirex noctilio localities in the northern hemisphere. Aust For 37:126–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasmer P, Fritz G, Corley J, Botto E (1998) Current status of research on Sirex noctilio F. in the Andean – Patagonian region in Argentina. In: Iede E, Shaitza E, Penteado S, Reardon R, Murphy T (eds) Proceedings of a conference: training in the control of Sirex noctilio by use of natural enemies, USDA Forest Services (FHTET 98–13), Morgantown, MV

    Google Scholar 

  • Maderni JFP (1998) Sirex noctilio present status in Uruguay. In: Iede E, Shaitza E, Penteado S, Reardon R, Murphy T (eds) Proceedings of a conference: training in the control of Sirex noctilio by use of natural enemies, USDA Forest Services (FHTET 98–13), Morgantown, MV

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller D, Clark AF (1935) Sirex noctilio (Hym.) and its parasites in New Zealand. Bull Entomol Res 26:149–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mlonyeni XO, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Ahumada R, Klasmer P, Leal I, de Groot P, Slippers B (2011) Extreme homozygosity in Southern Hemisphere populations of Deladenus siricidicola, a biological control agent of Sirex noctilio. Biol Control (in press) doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann FG, Minko G (1981) The sirex wood wasp in Australia pine plantations. Aust For 44:46–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann FG, Morey JL, McKimm RJ (1987) The Sirex wasp in Victoria. Bulletin no 29. Victoria. Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen C, Williams DW, Hajek AE (2009) Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps. Mycol Res 113:1242–1253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall MJ (1989) Sirex noctilio F., sirex wood wasp (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). In: Cameron PJ, Hill RL, Bain J, Thomas WP (eds) A review of biological control of pests and weeds in New Zealand 1974–1987, Technical communication no 10. C.A.B. International & DSIR, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawling GB (1955) Epidemics in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand. J For 7:53–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Coutinho T (2001) Population structure and possible origin of Amylostereum areolatum in South Africa. Plant Pathol 50:206–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Coutinho T (2002) DNA sequence and RFLP data reflect geographical spread and relationships of Amylostereum areolatum and its insect vectors. Mol Ecol 11:1845–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spradbery JP, Kirk AA (1978) Aspects of the ecology of siricid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Europe, North Africa and Turkey with special reference to the biological control of Sirex noctilio F. in Australia. Bull Entomol Res 68:341–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swart WJ, Wingfield MJ (1991) Biology and control of Sphaeropsis sapinea on Pinus species in South Africa. Plant Dis 75:761–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Valen L (1973) A new evolutionary law. Evol Theory 1:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, de Groot P, Leal I, Davis C, Ye W, Foord B (2009) Characterization of Deladenus siricidicola (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) associated with Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Canada. Int J Nematol 19:23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1962) A nematode disease of Sirex noctilio. Interim Research Release, New Zealand Forest Service, Rotorua

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1965) Biological control of Sirex noctilio. Forestry Research Institute Report 1964, Rotorua

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1967) Biological control of Sirex noctilio F. Forestry Research Institute Report 1966, Rotorua

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1969) A nematode infection of Sirex noctilio (F.) in New Zealand. N Z J Sci 12:732–747

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1971) Control of Sirex noctilio (F.) with Deladenus siricidicola Bedding, part I. 1967 field trial. N Z J Sci 1:5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1975) A non-sterilising strain of Deladenus siricidicola. Forestry Research Institute Report 1974, Rotorua

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondag R (1979) Control of Sirex noctilio (F.) with Deladenus siricidicola Bedding, part II. Introduction and establishments in the South Island 1968–1975. N Z J For Sci 9:68–76

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics , Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Bernard Slippers, Brett P. Hurley, X. Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot & Michael J. Wingfield

  2. Department of Zoology and Entomology , Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Bernard Slippers, Brett P. Hurley, X. Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot & Michael J. Wingfield

  3. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 2E5

    Bernard Slippers, Brett P. Hurley, X. Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot & Michael J. Wingfield

Authors
  1. Bernard Slippers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brett P. Hurley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. X. Osmond Mlonyeni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter de Groot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael J. Wingfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernard Slippers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Cnr Lynnwood and University Roads, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    Bernard Slippers

  2. , Great Lakes Forest Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Fores, Queen St East 1219, SAULT STE MARIE, P6A 2E5, Ontario, Canada

    Peter de Groot

  3. , Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Cnr Lynnwood and University Roads, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    Michael John Wingfield

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Slippers, B., Hurley, B.P., Mlonyeni, X.O., de Groot, P., Wingfield, M.J. (2012). Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Deladenus siricidicola in Biological Control Systems. In: Slippers, B., de Groot, P., Wingfield, M. (eds) The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation