Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout pp 567–632Cite as

Population Enhancement and Population Restoration

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Fish & Fisheries Series ((FIFI,volume 33))

Abstract

Restoration ecology, the study of renewing degraded, damaged or destroyed ecosystems and populations, is a rapidly growing field, stimulated by new know­ledge about population and community ecology, behavioural ecology, genetics and evolution. With the advancement of modern technology, the human ability to destroy habitats and use and overexploit populations has escalated at the same time as the awareness of our dependence of and responsibility for intact ecosystems has matured. Thus, researchers and laymen are searching for indicators of unspoiled ecosystems, and Atlantic salmon and brown trout have become symbols of clean, healthy aquatic ecosystems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aarestrup K, Jepsen N (1998) Spawning migration of sea trout (Salmo trutta (L)) in a Danish river. Hydrobiologia 371(372):275–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aarestrup K, Koed A (2003) Survival of migrating sea trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts negotiating weirs in small Danish rivers. Ecol Freshw Fish 12:169–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams C, Huntingford FA, Turnbull J et al (2000) Size heterogeneity can reduce aggression and promote growth in Atlantic salmon parr. Aquacult Internat 8:543–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf FW, Luikart G (2007) Conservation and the genetics of populations. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Alm G (1959) Connection between maturity, size and age in fishes. Rep Inst Freshw Res Drottningholm 40:5–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Almodovar A, Nicola GG, Elvira B et al (2006) Introgression variability among Iberian brown trout evolutionary significant units: the influence of local management and environmental features. Freshw Biol 51:1175–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez D, Cano JM, Nicieza AG (2006) Microgeographic variation in metabolic rate and energy storage of brown trout: counter gradient selection or thermal sensitivity? Evol Ecol 20:345–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anras MLB, Lagardere JP (2004) Domestication and behaviour in fish. Prod Anim 17:211–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki H, Cooper B, Blouin MS (2007) Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild. Science 318:100–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong JD, Nislow KH (2006) Critical habitat during the transition from maternal provisioning in freshwater fish, with emphasis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). J Zool 269:403–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong JD, Kemp PS, Kennedy GJA et al (2003) Habitat requirements of Atlantic salmon and brown trout in rivers and streams. Fish Res 62:143–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnekleiv JV, Kraabøl M (1996) Migratory behaviour of adult fast-growing brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to water flow in a regulated Norwegian river. Reg Riv Res Manage 12:39–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubin-Horth N, Letcher BH, Hoffmann HA (2005) Interaction of rearing environment and reproductive tactic on gene expression profiles in Atlantic salmon. J Hered 96:261–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avery EL (1996) Evaluations of sediment traps and artificial gravel riffles constructed to improve reproduction of trout in three Wisconsin streams. N Am J Fish Manage 16:282–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayllon F, Davaine P, Beall E (2004) Bottlenecks and genetic changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks introduced in the Subarctic Kerguelen Islands. Aquaculture 237:103–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayllon F, Martinez JL, Garcia-Vazquez E (2006) Loss of regional population structure in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following stocking. ICES J Mar Sci 63:1269–1273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman RA (1984) Foraging behavior of free-ranging wild and hatchery brown trout in a stream. Trans Am Fish Soc 113:1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer J, Brinker A (2008) Are growth and recapture of hatchery-reared and resident brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) density dependent after stocking? Ecol Freshw Fish 17:455–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldes RJ, Vincent RE (1969) Physical parameters of microhabitats occupied by brown trout in an experimental flume. Trans Am Fish Soc 98:230–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bams RA (1976) Survival and propensity for homing as affected by presence or absence of locally adapted paternal genes in two transplanted populations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J Fish Res Bd Can 33:2716–2725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baran P, Delacoste M, Dauba F et al (1995) Effects of reduced flow on brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations downstream dams in French Pyrenees. Reg Riv Res Manage 10:347–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlaup BT, Moen V (2001) Planting of salmonid eggs for stock enhancement – a review of the most commonly used methods. Nord J Freshw Res 75:7–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton BA (2000) Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress. N Am J Aquacult 62:12–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beamish RJ, Mahnken C, Neville CM (2004) Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival in coho salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 133:26–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaugrand G, Reid PC (2003) Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon related to climate. Glob Chan Biol 9:801–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berejikian BA (1995) The effect of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:2476–2482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berejikian BA, Fairgrieve WT, Swanson P et al (2003a) Current velocity and injection of GnRHa affect reproductive behaviour and body composition of captively reared offspring of wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:690–699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berejikian BA, Tezak EP, LaRae AL (2003b) Innate and enhanced predator recognition in ­hatchery-reared Chinook salmon. Env Biol Fish 67:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berejikian BA, Tezak EP, Schroder SL et al (1999) Competitive differences between newly emerged offspring of captive-reared and wild coho salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 128:832–839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergan PI, Gausen D, Hansen LP (1991) Attempts to reduce the impact of reared Atlantic salmon on wild in Norway. Aquaculture 98:319–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund I, Hansen LP, Lundqvist H et al (1991) Effects of elevated winter temperature on seawater adaptability, sexual rematuration, and downstream migratory behaviour in mature male Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:1041–1047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berland G, Nickelsen T, Heggenes J et al (2004) Movements of wild Atlantic salmon parr in ­relation to peaking flows below a hydropower station. Riv Res Appl 20:957–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berntssen MHG, Kroglund F, Rosseland BO et al (1997) Responses of skin mucous cells to aluminium exposure at low pH in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:1039–1045

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin T, Dellefors C, Faremo U (1993) Optimal time and size for smolt migration in wild sea trout (Salmo trutta). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:224–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin T, Sundström LF, Johnsson JI et al (2002) Density-dependent growth in brown trout: effects of introducing wild and hatchery fish. J Anim Ecol 71:683–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyland P, Adams CE (2006) The influence of broad scale climatic phenomena on long-term trends in Atlantic salmon population size: an example from the Foyle, Ireland. J Fish Biol 68:276–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford MJ (1997) An experimental study of stranding of juvenile salmonids on gravel ears and inside channels during rapid flow decreases. Reg Riv Res Manage 13:395–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bramberger A (2009) Semi-natural incubation techniques for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: Opportunities and limitations for restocking. Aquaculture 293:221–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockmark S, Johnsson JI (2010) Reduced hatchery rearing density increases social dominance, post release growth, and survival in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 67:288–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockmark S, Neregard L, Bohlin T et al (2007) Effects of rearing density and structural complexity on the pre- and post release performance of Atlantic salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 136:1453–1462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown C, Laland K (2001) Social learning and life skills training for hatchery reared fish. J Fish Biol 59:471–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GW, Smith RJF (1998) Acquired predator recognition in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): conditioning hatchery-reared fish to recognize chemical cues of a predator. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:611–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown C, Davidson T, Laland K (2003a) Environmental enrichment and prior experience of live prey improve foraging behaviour in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 63(Suppl A):187–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown C, Laland K, Krause J (2003b) Learning in fishes: why are they smarter than you think. Fish Fish 4:197–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown C, Markula A, Laland K (2003c) Social learning of prey location in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 63:738–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant MD, Frenette BJ, McCurdy SJ (1999) Colonization of a watershed by anadromous salmonids following the installation of a fish ladder in Margaret Creek, southeast Alaska. N Am J Fish Manage 19:1129–1136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Candy JR, Beacham TD (2000) Patterns of homing and straying in southern British Columbia coded-wire tagged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. Fish Res 47:41–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson J, Aarestrup K, Nordwall F et al (2004) Migration of landlocked brown trout in two Scandinavian streams as revealed from trap data. Ecol Freshw Fish 13:161–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr JW, Whoriskey F, O’Reilly P (2004) Efficacy of releasing captive reared broodstock into an imperilled wild Atlantic salmon population as a recovery strategy. J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A):38–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cereghino R, Lavandier P (1998) Influence of hydropeaking on the distribution and larval development of the Plecoptera from a mountain stream. Reg Riv Res Manage 14:297–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chilcote MW (2003) Relationship between natural productivity and the frequency of wild fish in mixed spawning populations of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1057–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clair TA, Hindar A (2005) Liming to mitigate the effects of acid rain on freshwaters: a review of recent results. Env Rev 13:91–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clair TA, Dennis IF, Amiro PG et al (2004) Past and future chemistry changes in acidified Nova Scotian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers: a dynamic modeling approach. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:1965–1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clair TA, Dennis IF, Scruton DA et al (2007) Freshwater acidification research in Atlantic Canada: a review of results and predictions for the future. Env Rev 15:153–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claireaux G, McKenzie DJ, Genge AG et al (2005) Linking swimming performance, cardiac pumping ability and cardiac anatomy in rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 208:1775–1784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clay CH (1995) Design of fishways and other fish facilities. Lewis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Coghlan SM, Ringler NH (2004) Comparison of Atlantic salmon embryo and fry stocking in the salmon river, New York. N Am J Fish Manage 24:1385–1397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper AB, Mangel M (1999) The dangers of ignoring metapopulation structure for the conservation of salmonids. Fish Bull 97:213–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook DA, Robertson AI (1999) Relationships between riverine fish and wood debris: implications for lowland rivers. Mar Freshw Res 50:941–953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross TF (2000) Genetic implications of translocation and stocking of fish species, with particular reference to Western Australia. Aquacult Res 31:83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross TF, McGinnity P, Coughlan J et al (2007) Stocking and ranching. In: Verspoor E, Stradmeyer L, Nielsen JL (eds) The Atlantic salmon: genetics, conservation and management. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Crozier WW (1998) Genetic implications of hatchery rearing in Atlantic salmon: effects of rearing environment on genetic composition. J Fish Biol 52:1014–1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crusio WE, Schwegler H (1991) Early postnatal hyperthyroidism improves both working and reference memory in a spatial radial-maze task in adult mice. Physiol Behav 50:259–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutts CJ, Brembs B, Metcalfe NB (1999) Prior residence, territory quality and life-history strategies in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Biol 55:784–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dannewitz J, Petersson E, Dahl J et al (2004) Reproductive success of hatchery-produced and wild-born brown trout in an experimental stream. J Appl Ecol 41:355–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dannewitz J, Petersson E, Prestegaard T et al (2003) Effects of sea-ranching and family background on fitness traits in brown trout Salmo trutta reared under near-natural conditions. J Appl Ecol 40:241–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwish TL, Hutchings JA (2009) Genetic variability in reaction norms between farmed and wild backcrosses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 66:83–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson W (1997) The effects of exercise training on teleost fish: a review of recent literature. Comp Biochem Physiol 117A:67–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degerman E, Lingdell PE (1993) pHisces - fisk som indikator på lågt pH. Inf fr Sötvattenslaboratoriet Drottningholm 3:37–54 (In Swedish)

    Google Scholar 

  • De Gaudemar B, Beall E (1998) Effects of overripening on spawning behaviour and reproductive success of Atlantic salmon females spawning in a controlled flow channel. J Fish Biol 53:434–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Jong MCV, Cowx IG, Scruton DA (1997) An evaluation of instream habitat restoration techniques on salmonid populations in a Newfoundland stream. Reg Riv Res Manage 13:603–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Roos AM, Boukal DS, Persson L (2006) Evolutionary regime shifts in age and size at maturation of exploited fish stocks. Proc R Soc Lond B 273:1873–1880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVries P (1997) Riverine salmonid egg burial depth: review of published data and implications for scour studies. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:1685–1689

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich JP, Bowlby JN, Morrison BJ et al (2008) The impacts of Atlantic salmon stocking on rainbow trout in Barnum House Creek, Lake Ontario. J Great Lakes Res 34:495–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dittman AH, Quinn TP (1996) Homing in Pacific salmon: mechanisms and ecological basis. J Exp Biol 199:83–91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dittman AH, Quinn TP, Nevitt GA (1996) Timing of imprinting to natural and artificial odors by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:434–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donaghy MJ, Verspoor E (2000) A new design of instream incubator for planting out and monitoring Atlantic salmon eggs. N Am J Fish Manage 20:521–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunmall KM, Schreer JF (2003) A comparison of the swimming and cardiac performance of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, before and after stripping. Aquaculture 220:869–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duston J, Astatkie T, MacIsaac PF (2005) Genetic influence of parr versus anadromous sires on the life histories of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:2067–2075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersole JL, Liss WJ, Frissell CA (1997) Restoration of stream habitats in the western United States: restoration as re-expression of habitat capacity. Env Manage 21:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmands S (1999) Heterosis and outbreeding depression in interpopulation crosses spanning a wide range of divergence. Evolution 53:1757–1768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmands S (2007) Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risk of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and management. Mol Ecol 16:463–475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einum S, Fleming IA (1997) Genetic divergence and interactions in the wild among native, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 50:634–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einum S, Fleming IA (2004) Environmental unpredictability and offspring size: conservative versus diversified bet-hedging. Evol Ecol Res 6:443–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Einum S, Nislow KH (2005) Local-scale, density-dependent survival of mobile organisms in continuous habitats: an experimental test using Atlantic salmon. Oecologia 143:203–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einum S, Nislow KH, Reynolds JD (2008) Predicting population responses to restoration of breeding habitat in Atlantic salmon. J Appl Ecol 45:930–938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einum S, Thorstad EB, Næsje TF (2002) Growth rate correlations across life-stages in female Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 60:780–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldrige WH, Myers JM, Naish KA (2009) Long-term changes in the fine-scale population structure of coho salmon populations (Oncorhynchus kisutch) subject to extensive supportive breeding. Heredity 103:299–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott JM (2001) The relative role of density in the stock-recruitment relationship of salmonids. In: Prevost E, Chaput G (eds) Stock, recruitment and reference points: assessment and management of Atlantic salmon. INRA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis T, North B, Scott AP et al (2002) The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. J Fish Biol 61:493–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enders EC, Smokorowski KE, Pennell CJ et al (2007) Habitat use and fish activity of landlocked Atlantic salmon and brook charr in a newly developed habitat compensation facility. Hydrobiologia 582:133–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson T, Eriksson LO (1991) Spawning migratory behaviour of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) – effects on straying frequency and time of river ascent. Aquaculture 98:79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Exley C, Phillips MJ (1988) Acid rain: implications for the farming of salmonids. In: Muir JF, Robers RJ (eds) Recent advances in aquaculture. Croom Helm, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausch KD (1984) Profitable stream positions for salmonids: relating specific growth rate to net energy gain. Can J Zool 62:441–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finstad B, Iversen M, Sandodden R (2003) Stress reducing methods for releasing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in Norway. Aquaculture 222:203–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske P, Lund RA, Hansen LP (2005) Identifying fish farm escapees. In: Cadrin SX, Friedland KD, Waldman JD (eds) Stock identification methods. Elsevier Academic, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjellheim A, Johnsen BO (2001) Experiences from stocking salmonid fry and fingerlings in Norway. Nord J Freshw Res 75:20–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Einum S (1997) Experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild Atlantic salmon due to domestication. ICES J Mar Sci 54:1051–1063

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Petersson E (2001) The ability of hatchery-reared salmonids to breed and contribute to the natural productivity of wild populations. Nord J Fresw Res 75:71–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Augustsson T, Finstad B et al (2002) Effects of domestication on growth physiology and endocrinology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:1323–1330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Einum S, Jonsson B et al (2003) Comment on “Rapid evolution of egg size on captive salmon”. Science 302:59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Hindar K, Mjølnerød IB et al (2000) Lifetime success and interactions of farmed Atlantic salmon invading a native population. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:1517–1523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Jonsson B, Gross MR (1994) Phenotypic divergence of sea-ranched, farmed and wild salmon. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:2808–2824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Jonsson B, Gross MR et al (1996) An experimental study of the reproductive behaviour and success of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Appl Ecol 33:893–905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming IA, Lamberg A, Jonsson B (1997) Effects of early experience on the reproductive performance of Atlantic salmon. Behav Ecol 8:470–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine PM, Dodson JJ, Bernatchez L et al (1997) A genetic test of metapopulation structure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using microsatellites. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:2434–2442

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford MJ (2002) Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild. Cons Biol 16:815–825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox M, Bolton S (2007) A regional and geomorphic reference for quantities and volumes of instream wood in unmanaged forested basins of Washington State. N Am J Fish Manage 27:342–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland KD, Hansen LP, Dunkley DA et al (2000) Linkage between ocean climate, post-smolt growth, and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Sea area. ICES J Mar Sci 57:419–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant RK, Richardson GF, McNiven MA (1993) Comparison of different extenders for the cryopreservation of Atlantic salmon spermatozoa. Theriogenology 40:479–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garant D, Dodson JD, Bernatchez L (2005) Offspring genetic diversity increases fitness of female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 57:240–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia de Leaniz C (2008) Weir removal in salmonid streams: implications, challenges and practicalities. Hydrobiologia 609:83–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia de Leaniz C, Fleming IA, Einum E et al (2007) A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation. Biol Rev 82:173–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdeaux D, Luquet F, Poupart A (2006) Contribution to trout yolk-sac fry (Salmo trutta L.) originating from wild stock to fishing in the Moselotte River, France. Bull Fr Pêche Piscic 383:13–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlier M, Roche P (1998) A radio telemetry study of the migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) in the upper Rhine. Hydrobiologia 371/372:283–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannico GR, Hinch SG (2003) The effect of wood and temperature on juvenile coho salmon winter movement, growth, density and survival in side-channels. Riv Res Appl 19:219–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjedrem T, Gjøen HM, Gjerde B (1991) Genetic origin of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover KA, Taggart JB, Skaala Ø et al (2004) A study of inadvertent domestication selection during start-feeding of brown trout families. J Fish Biol 64:1168–1178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman D (2005) Selection equilibrium for hatchery and wild spawning fitness in integrated breeding programs. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:374–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorsky D, Trial J, Zydlewski J et al (2009) The effects of smolt stocking strategies on migratory path selection of adult Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River, Maine. N Am J Fish Manage 29:949–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosset C, Rives J, Labonne J (2006) Effect of habitat fragmentation on spawning migration of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Ecol Freshw Fish 15:247–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowans ARD, Armstrong JD, Priede IG (1999) Movements of adult Atlantic salmon in relation to a hydroelectric dam and fish ladder. J Fish Biol 54:713–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowans ARD, Armstrong JD, Priede IG et al (2003) Movements of Atlantic salmon migrating upstream through a fish-pass complex in Scotland. Ecol Freshw Fish 12:177–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths SW, Armstrong JD (2002) Rearing conditions influence refuge use among ­over-wintering Atlantic salmon juveniles. J Fish Biol 60:363–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnerød TB, Hvidsten NA, Heggberget TG (1988) Open sea releases of Atlantic salmon smolts, Salmo salar L., in Central Norway. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:1340–1345

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberstock AE, Nichols HG, DesMeules MP et al (2000) Method to identify effective riparian buffer widths for Atlantic salmon habitat protection. J Am Water Res Assoc 36:1271–1286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halleraker JH, Saltveit SJ, Harby A et al (2003) Factors influencing stranding of wild juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) during rapid and frequent flow decreases in an artificial stream. Riv Res Appl 19:589–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handeland SO, Bjørnsson BT, Arnesen AM (2003) Seawater adaptation and growth of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) of wild and farmed strains. Aquaculture 220:367–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP (1987) Growth, migration and survival of lake reared juvenile anadromous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Fauna Norv A 8:29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP (1991) Rehabilitation of the Atlantic salmon stock in the River Drammen, Norway. In: Mills D (ed) Strategies for the rehabilitation of salmon rivers. Proc Conf Linn Soc 1990, Atl Salm Trust, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1986) Salmon ranching experiments in the River Imsa: effects of day and night release and seawater adaptation on recapture rates of adults. Rep Inst Freshw Res Drottningholm 63:47–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1988) Salmon ranching experiments in the River Imsa: effects of dip-netting, transport and chlorobutanol anaesthesia on survival. Aquaculture 75:301–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1989a) Salmon ranching experiments in the River Imsa: effects of timing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt migration on survival to adults. Aquaculture 82:367–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1989b) Salmon ranching experiments in the River Imsa: returns of different stocks to the fishery and to River Imsa. In: DePauw N, Jaspers E, Ackefors H et al (eds) Aquaculture: a biotechnology in progress. Euro Aquacult Soc, Oostende, Belgium, EAS PUB-154

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1990) Restocking the River Akerselva, Oslo with Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar L. of different stocks. Fauna norv Ser A 11:9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1991a) The effect of timing of Atlantic salmon smolt and post-smolt release on the distribution of adult return. Aquaculture 98:61–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1991b) Evidence of a genetic component in seasonal return pattern of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Biol 38:251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1994a) Development of sea ranching of Atlantic salmon towards a sustainable aquaculture strategy. Aquacult Fish Manage 25(Supple 1):199–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1994b) Homing in Atlantic salmon: effects of juvenile learning on transplanted post-spawners. Anim Behav 47:220–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson B, Andersen R (1989) Salmon ranching experiment in the River Imsa: Is homing dependent on sequential imprinting of migrating smolts? In: Brannon E, Jonsson B (eds) Migration and distribution of salmonids. Proceedings of an International Symposium, School of Fisheries, Univ Wash, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen LP, Jonsson N, Jonsson B (1993) Oceanic migration of homing Atlantic salmon. Anim Behav 45:927–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MM, Fraser DJ, Meier K et al (2009) Sixty years of anthropogenic pressure: a spatio-temporal genetic analysis of brown trout populations subject to stocking and population declines. Mol Ecol 18:2549–2562

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harada Y, Yokota M, Iizuka M (1998) Genetic risk of domestication in artificial fish stocking and its possible reduction. Res Pop Ecol 40:311–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hard JJ, Hoard WR (1999) Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation. Can J Fish Aqua Sci 56:578–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hard J, Eldridge WH, Naish KA (2009) Genetic consequences of size-selective fishing: implications for viability of Yukon River Chinook salmon. Am Fish Soc Symp 70:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Hard JJ, Gross R, Heino M et al (2008) Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evol Appl 1:388–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–1248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harwood AJ, Armstrong JD, Griffiths SW et al (2002) Sympatric association influences within-species dominance relations among juvenile Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Anim Behav 64:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes SA, Bond MH, Hanson CV et al (2004) Interactions between endangered wild and hatchery salmonids: can pitfalls of artificial propagation be avoided in small coastal streams? J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A):101–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heath DD, Heath JW, Bryden CA et al (2003) Rapid evolution of egg size in captive salmon. Science 299:1738–1740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick P (2005) Large variation in reproductive success and the N e /N ratio. Evolution 59:1596–1599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heggberget TG, Hvidsten NA, Gunnerød TG et al (1991) Distribution of adult recaptures from hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts released in and offshore of the river Surna, western Norway. Aquaculture 98:89–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggenes J (1988) Substrate preference of brown trout fry (Salmo trutta) in artificial stream ­channels. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:1163–1172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggenes J (1990) Habitat utilisation and preferences in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in streams. Reg Riv 5:341–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggenes J, Bagliniere JL, Cunjak RA (1999) Spatial niche variability for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in heterogeneous streams. Ecol Freshw Fish 8:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heggenes J, Saltveit SJ, Bird D et al (2002) Static habitat partitioning and dynamic selection by sympatric young Atlantic salmon and brown trout in southwest England streams. J Fish Biol 60:72–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendry K, Cragg-Hine D, O’Grady M et al (2003) Management of habitat for rehabilitation and enhancement of salmonid stocks. Fish Res 62:171–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen A, Fjeld E, Hesthagen T (1999) Critical load exceedance and damage of fish populations. Ambio 28:583–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrikson L, Brodin YW (1995) Liming of acidified surface waters. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesthagen T, Hansen LP (1991) Estimates of the annual loss of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Norway due to acidification. Aquacult Fish Manage 22:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesthagen T, Fiske P, Skjelkvåle BL (2008) Critical limits for acid neutralizing capacity of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Norwegian lakes differing in organic carbon concentrations. Aquat Ecol 42:307–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesthagen T, Heggenes J, Larsen BM et al (1999a) Effects on water chemistry and habitat on the density of young brown trout Salmo trutta in acidic streams. Wat Air Soil Pollut 112:85–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesthagen T, Sevaldrud IH, Berger HM (1999b) Assessment of damage to fish populations in Norwegian lakes due to acidification. Ambio 28:112–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn R (1998) The economic performance of marine stock enhancement projects. Bull Mar Sci 62:661–674

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindar K, Tufto J, Sættem LM et al (2004) Conservation of genetic variation in harvested salmon populations. ICES J Mar Sci 61:1389–1397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Höglund J, Alfjorden A, Nikkila T (1997) Infection of juvenile salmon Salmo salar with a Dermocystidium-like organism in Sweden. Dis Aquat Org 30:171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Höjsjö J, Armstrong JD, Griffiths SW (2005) Sneaky feeding by salmon in sympatry with dominant brown trout. Anim Behav 69:1037–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Höjsjö J, Johnsson JI, Bohlin T (2004) Habitat complexity reduces the growth of aggressive and dominant brown trout (Salmo trutta) relative to subordinates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:286–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Horreo JL, Machado-Schiaffino G, Ayllon F et al (2011) Impact of climate change and human-mediated introgression on southern European Atlantic salmon populations. Glob Change Biol 17:1778–1787

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford FA (2004) Implications of domestication and rearing conditions for the behaviour of cultivated fishes. J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A):122–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford FA, Aird D, Joiner P et al (1999) How juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., respond to falling water levels: experiments in an artificial stream. Fish Manage Ecol 6:357–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings JA, Fraser DJ (2008) The nature of fisheries- and farming-induced evolution. Mol Ecol 17:294–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hvidsten NA, Hansen LP (1988) Increased recapture rate of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. stocked as smolts at high water discharge. J Fish Biol 32:153–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hvidsten NA, Finstad B, Kroglund F et al (2007) Does increased abundance of sea lice influence survival of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts? J Fish Biol 71:1639–1648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imre I, Grant JWA, Cunjak RA (2005) Density-dependent growth of young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick. J Anim Ecol 74:508–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Insulander C, Ragnarsson B (2001) Homing pattern of Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L., from smolt released from two hatcheries in the river Dalälven, Sweden. Fish Manage Ecol 8:61–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen M, Finstad B, Nilssen KJ (1998) Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Aquaculture 168:387–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata M, Tsuboi H, Yamashita T et al (2003) Function and trigger of thyroxin surge in migrating chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry. Aquaculture 222:315–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins TM, Diehl S, Kratz KW et al (1999) Effects of population density on individual growth of brown trout in streams. Ecology 80:941–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jodun WA, King K, Farrell AP et al (2007) Metanol and egg yolk as cryoprotectants for Atlantic salmon spermatozoa. N Am J Fish Manage 69:36–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannsson V, Jonasson J, Osakarsson S et al (1998) The straying of Icelandic ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: release and recapture techniques. Aquacult Res 29:679–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen BO, Jensen AJ (1991) The Gyrodactylus story in Norway. Aquaculture 98:289–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen BO, Jensen AJ, Koksvik JI et al (1997a) Predation of Atlantic salmon smolts based on stocking of juveniles in lakes. Water chemistry, zooplankton, benthic animals and fish in Lakes Øvre and Nedre Mosvasstjern, River Vefsna 1986–1994. Assign Rep Norw Inst Nat Res, Trondheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen BO, Koksvik JI, Jensen AJ (1997b) Production of Atlantic salmon smolts based on stocking of juveniles in rivers. Benthic animals and fish in Klubbvasselva, River Vefsna 1987–1996. Assign Rep Norw Inst Nat Res, Trondheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson BL (1999) The role of adaptive management as an operational approach for resource management agencies. Cons Ecol 3 (2):8 (Online) http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss2/art8/

  • Johnson JH (2004) Comparative survival and growth of Atlantic salmon from egg stocking and fry releases. N Am J Fish Manage 24:1409–1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SL, Rogers JD, Solazzi MF et al (2005) Effects of an increase in large wood on abundance and survival of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in an Oregon stream. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:412–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsson JI, Forser A (2002) Residence duration influences the outcome of territorial conflicts in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 51:282–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jokikokko E (1999) Density of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr after point and scatter stocking of fry. Fish Manage Ecol 6:475–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jokikokko E, Jutila E (2004) Divergence in smolt production from the stocking of 1-summer-old and 1-year-old Atlantic salmon parr in a northern Baltic river. J Appl Ichthyol 20:511–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jokikokko E, Kallio-Nyberg I, Saloniemi I et al (2006) The survival of semi-wild, wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts of the Simojoki River in the Baltic Sea. J Fish Biol 68:430–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Fleming IA (1993) Enhancement of wild salmon populations. In: Sundnes G (ed) Human impact on self-recruiting populations, Roy Norw Soc Sci Lett Found. Tapir, Trondheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N (2004a) Factors affecting marine production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2369–2383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N. (2009) Restoration and enhancement of salmonid populations and habitats with special reference to Atlantic salmon. In: Haro AJ, Avery TS, Beal KL et al (eds) Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment. Am Fish Soc Symp 69, Bethesda, Maryland

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, L’Abée-Lund JH (1993) Latitudinal clines in life history variables of anadromous brown trout in Europe. J Fish Biol 43(Suppl A):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Ruud-Hansen J (1985) Water temperature as primary influence on timing of seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42:593–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Hansen LP (1990a) Does juvenile experience affect migration and spawning of adult Atlantic salmon? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26:225–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Hansen LP (1991a) Differences in life history and migratory behaviour between wild and hatchery reared Atlantic salmon in nature. Aquaculture 98:69–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Hansen LP (2003a) Atlantic salmon straying from the River Imsa. J Fish Biol 62:641–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Hansen LP (2007) Factors affecting river entry of adult Atlantic salmon in a small river. J Fish Biol 71:943–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, L’Abée-Lund JH, Heggberget TG et al (1991b) Longevity, body size and growth in anadromous brown trout. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:1838–1845

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Waples RS, Friedland KD (1999) Extinction considerations for diadromous fishes. ICES J Mar Sci 56:405–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B (1999) Trade-off between egg size and numbers in brown trout. J Fish Biol 55:767–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B (2002) Migration of anadromous brown trout in a Norwegian river. Freshw Biol 47:1391–1401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B (2003) Energy allocation among developmental stages, age groups, and types of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawners. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:506–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B (2004b) Size and age at maturity of Atlantic salmon correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). J Fish Biol 64:241–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Hansen LP, Jonsson B (1994a) Juvenile experience influences timing of adult river ascent in Atlantic salmon. Anim Behav 48:740–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Aass P et al (1995) Brown trout Salmo trutta released to support recreational fishing in a Norwegian fjord. J Fish Biol 46:70–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Fleming IA (1996) Does early growth rate cause a phenotypically plastic response in egg production of Atlantic salmon? Funct Ecol 10:89–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (1990b) Partial segregation in the timing of migration of Atlantic salmon of different ages. Anim Behav 40:313–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP et al (1993a) Potential for sea ranching rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum); evidence from trials in two Norwegian fjords. Aquacult Fish Manage 24:653–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP et al (1993b) Coastal movement and growth of domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) in Norway. Ecol Freshw Fish 2:152–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP et al (1994b) Effects of sea-water-acclimatization and release sites on survival of hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta. J Fish Biol 44:973–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP et al (1994c) Sea ranching of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Fish Manage Ecol 1:67–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (1997) Changes in proximate composition and estimates of energetic costs during upstream migration and spawning in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Anim Ecol 66:425–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (1998) The relative role of density-dependent and density-independent survival in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Anim Ecol 67:751–762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (2003b) Marine survival and growth of wild and released hatchery reared Atlantic salmon. J Appl Ecol 40:900–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (2005) Does climate during embryonic development influence parr growth and age of seaward migration in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:2502–2508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen EH, Jobling M (1993) The effects of exercise on growth, food utilization and osmoregulatory capacity of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture 116:233–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julien HP, Bergeron NE (2006) Effect of fine sediment infiltration during the incubation period on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryo survival. Hydrobiologia 563:61–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jutila E, Jokikokko E, Julkunen M (2003) Management of Atlantic salmon in the Simojoki river, northern Gulf of Bothnia: effects of stocking and fishing regulation. Fish Res 64:5–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Karppinen P, Mäkinen TS, Erkinaro J et al (2002) Migratory and route-seeking behaviour of ascending Atlantic salmon in the regulated River Tuloma. Hydrobiologia 483:23–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katopodis C (2005) Developing a toolkit for fish passage, ecological flow management and fish habitat works. J Hydraul Res 43:451–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly-Quinn M, Tierney D, Bracken JJ (1993) Survival of salmon, Salmo salar, eggs planted in upland streams. Aquacult Fish Manage 23:791–796

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall NW, Quinn TP (2009) Effects of population-specific variation in age and length on fishery selection and exploitation rates of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 66:896–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall NW, Hard JJ, Quinn TP (2009) Quantifying six decades of fishery selection for size and age at maturity in sockeye salmon. Evol Appl 2:523–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GJA, Strange CD (1986) The effects of intra- and interspecific competition on the survival and growth of stocked juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and resident trout, Salmo trutta L., in an upland stream. J Fish Biol 28:479–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kihslinger RL, Lema SC, Nevitt GA (2006) Environmental rearing conditions produce forebrain differences in wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol 145:145–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kihslinger RL, Nevitt GA (2006) Early rearing environment impacts cerebella growth in juvenile salmon. J Exp Biol 209:504–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsen H, Knutsen JA, Jorde PE (2001) Genetic evidence for mixed origin of recolonized sea trout populations. Heredity 87:207–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondou T, Takeshita N, Nakazono A et al (2001) Egg survival in a fluvial population of masu salmon in relation to intragravel conditions in spawning redds. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:969–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostow KE (2004) Differences in juvenile phenotypes and survival between hatchery stocks and a natural population provide evidence for modified selection due to captive breeding. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:577–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroglund F, Rosseland BO, Teien HC et al (2007) Water quality limits for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) exposed to short term reductions in pH and increased aluminum simulating episodes. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Disc 4:3317–3355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuparinen A, Merilä J (2007) Detecting and managing fisheries-induced evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 22:652–659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuparinen A, Tufto J, Consuegra S et al (2010) Effective size of an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) metapopulation in Northern Spain. Cons Gen 11:1559–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix GL (1996) Long-term enhancement of habitat for salmonids in acidified running waters. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:283–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix GL, Knox D (2005) Distribution of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts of different origins in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine and evaluation of factors affecting migration, growth, and survival. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:1363–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laine A, Jokivirta T, Katopodis C (2002) Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., passage in a regulated northern river: fishway efficiency, fish entrance and environmental factors. Fish Manage Ecol 9:65–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laine A, Kamula R, Hooli J (1998) Fish and lamprey passage in a combined Denil and vertical slot fishway. Fish Manage Ecol 5:31–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lande R, Shannon S (1996) The role of genetic variation in adaptation and population persistence in a changing environment. Evolution 50:434–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larinier M (1998) Upstream and downstream fish passage experience in France. In: Jungwirth M, Schmutz S, Weiss S (eds) Fish migration and fish bypasses. Fishing News Book (Univ Press), Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Latremouille DN (2003) Fin erosion in aquaculture and natural environments. Rev Fish Sci 11:315–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law R (2000) Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution. ICES J Mar Sci 57:659–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehtonen PK, Tonteri A, Sendek D et al (2009) Spatio-temporal genetic structuring of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations within the River Luga, northwest Russia. Cons Gen 10:281–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lellis WA, Barrows FT (1997) The effect of diet on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 156:229–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lema SC, Nevitt GA (2004) Evidence that thyroid hormone induces olfactory cellular proliferation in salmon during a sensitive period for imprinting. J Exp Biol 207:3317–3327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lema SC, Hodges MJ, Marchetti MP et al (2005) Proliferation zones in the salmon telencephalon and evidence for environmental influence on proliferation rate. Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol 141:327–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letcher BH, Dubreuli T, O’Donnell MJ et al (2004) Long-term consequences of variation in timing and manner of fry introduction on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, survival, and life-history expression. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2288–2301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letcher BH, Terrick TD (2001) Effects of developmental stage at stocking on growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fry. N Am J Fish Manage 21:102–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin PS, Williams JG (2002) Interspecific effects of artificially propagated fish: an additional conservation risk for salmon. Cons Biol 16:1581–1587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linley TJ (2001) Influence of short-term estuarine rearing on the ocean survival and size at return of coho salmon in southeastern Asia. N Am J Aquacult 63:306–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linløkken A (1993) Efficiency of fishways and impact of dams on the migration of grayling and brown trout in the Glomma River system. Reg Riv Res Manage 8:145–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnik VD, Malinin LK, Wozniewski M et al (1998) Movements of adult sea trout Salmo trutta L. in the tailrace of a low-head dam at Wloclawek hydroelectric station on the Vistula River, Poland. Hydrobiologia 371/372:335–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas MC, Frear PA (1997) Effects of a flow-gauging weir on the migratory behaviour of adult barbel, a riverine cyprinid. J Fish Biol 50:382–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland EK, Naish KA (2007) What is the fitness outcome of crossing unrelated fish populations? A meta-analysis and an evaluation of future research directions. Cons Gen 8:397–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick SD, O’Dea MF, Moeckel AM et al (2003) Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release. Aquaculture 222:45–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDermid JL, Sloan WN, Wilson CC et al (2010) Early life history variation among hatchery- and wild-origin. Trans Am Fish Soc 139:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald DG, Milligan CL, McFarlane WJ et al (1998) Condition and performance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of rearing practices on hatchery fish and comparison with wild fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1208–1219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnity P, Prodöhl P, O’Maoileidigh N et al (2004) Differential lifetime success and performance of native and non-native Atlantic salmon examined under communal natural conditions. J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A):173–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnity P, Stone C, Taggart JB et al (1997) Genetic impact of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on native populations: Use of DNA profiling to assess freshwater performance of wild, farmed, and hybrid progeny in a natural river environment. ICES J Mar Sci 54:998–1008

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado-Schiaffino G, Dopico E, Garcia-Vazquez E (2007) Genetic variation losses in Atlantic salmon stocks created for supportive breeding. Aquaculture 264:59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean A, Metcalfe NB, Mitchell D (2000) Alternative comparative strategies in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): evidence from fin damage. Aquaculture 184:291–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWhinnie S (2009) The tragedy of the commons in international fisheries: An empirical examination. J Env Econ Manage 57:321–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magee JA, Obedzinski M, McCormick SD et al (2003) Effects of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:214–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maki-Petays A, Moutka T, Huusko A et al (1997) Seasonal changes in habitat use and preference by juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a northern boreal river. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:520–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäki-Petäys A, Erkinaro J, Niemelä E et al (2004) Spatial distribution of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a Subarctic river: size-specific changes in a strongly seasonal environment. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2329–2338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm IA, Youngson AF, Soulsby C (2003) Survival of salmonid eggs in a degraded gravel-bed stream: Effects of groundwater-surface water interactions. Riv Res Appl 19:303–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti MP, Nevitt GA (2003) Effects of hatchery rearing on brain structures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Env Biol Fish 66:9–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merz JE, Setka JD (2004) Evaluation of a spawning habitat enhancement site for Chinook salmon in a regulated California River. N Am J Fish Manage 24:397–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merz JE, Setka JD, Pasternack GB et al (2004) Predicting benefits of spawning-habitat rehabilitation to salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) fry production in a regulated California river. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:1433–1446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller K, Allegretti MH, Johnson N et al (1995) Measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of their components. In: Heywood VH (ed) Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner AM, Gloyne-Phillips IT (2005) The role of riparian vegetation and woody debris in the development of macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams. Riv Res Appl 21:403–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirza RS, Chivers D (2000) Predation-recognition training enhances survival of brook trout: evidence from laboratory and field enclosure studies. Can J Zool 78:2198–2208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyakoshi Y, Hayano H, Fujiwara M et al (2003) Size-dependent smolt yield and overwinter survival of hatchery-reared masu salmon released in fall. N Am J Fish Manage 23:264–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moksness E, Støle R, van der Meeren G (1998) Profitability analysis of sea ranching with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), and European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in Norway. Bull Mar Sci 62:689–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Monette MY, McCormick SD (2008) Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts. Aquat Toxicol 86:216–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran P, Perez J, Dumas J et al (2005) Stocking-related patterns of genetic variation at enzymatic loci in south European Atlantic salmon populations. J Fish Biol 67:185–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morantz DL, Sweeney RK, Shirvell CS et al (1987) Selection of microhabitat in summer by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:120–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss JH, Beauchamp DA, Cross AD et al (2005) Evidence for size-selective mortality after the first summer of ocean growth by pink salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:1313–1322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowbray FK, Locke A (1998) Biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Nepisiguit River, New Brunswick, 1982-1996. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 2236:1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor R, Hindar K, Fleming IA et al (2005) Fugitive salmon: assessing the risk of escaped fish from net-pen aquaculture. Bioscience 55:427–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicieza AG, Braña F (1993) Relationships among smolt size, marine growth, and sea age at maturity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in northern Spain. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:1632–1640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickelson TE (2003) The influence of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the productivity of wild coho salmon populations in Oregon coastal basins. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1050–1056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickelson TE, Solazzi MF, Johnson SL (1986) The influence of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the productivity of wild coho salmon populations in Oregon coastal basins. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1050–1056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen JL (1994) Invasive cohorts – impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental and genetic ecology of wild stocks. In: Stouder DJ, Fresh KL, Feller R (eds) Theory and application in fish feeding ecology. Univ S Carol Press, South Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä E, Erkinaro J, Julkunen M et al (2005) Is juvenile salmon abundance related to subsequent and preceding catches? Perspectives from a long-term monitoring programme. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1617–1629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nislow KH, Einum S, Folt CL (2004) Testing predictions of the critical period for survival concept using experiments with stocked Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A):188–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nislow KH, Folt CL, Parrish DL (1999) Favourable foraging locations for young Atlantic salmon: application to habitat and populations restoration. Ecol Appl 9:1085–1099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noble C, Kadri S, Mitchell DF et al (2007) Influence of feeding regime on intraspecific competition, fin damage and growth in 1+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr held in freshwater production cages. Aquacult Res 38:1137–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obedzinski M, Letcher BH (2004) Variation in freshwater growth and development among five New England Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations reared in a common environment. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2314–2328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hanley JR, Tomberlin D (2005) Optimizing the removal of small fish passage barriers. Env Model Assess 10:85–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Økland F, Heggberget TG, Jonsson B (1995) Migratory behaviour of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during spawning. J Fish Biol 46:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Økland F, Jonsson B, Jensen AJ et al (1993) Is there a threshold size regulating smolt size in brown trout and Atlantic salmon? J Fish Biol 42:541–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olden JD, Poff NLR, Douglas MR et al (2004) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. Trends Ecol Evol 19:18–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppedal F, Taranger GL, Juell JE et al (1999) Growth, osmoregulation and sexual maturation of underyearling Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar L. exposed to different intensities of continuous light in sea cages. Aquacult Res 30:491–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opperman JJ, Merenlender AM (2004) The effectiveness of riparian restoration for improving instream fish habitat in four hardwood-dominated California streams. N Am J Fish Manage 24:822–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orcutt DR, Pulliam BR, Arp A (1968) Characteristic of steelhead trout redds in Idaho streams. Trans Am Fish Soc 97:42–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orpwood JE, Griffiths SW, Armstrong JD (2004) Effect of density on competition between wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon for shelter in winter. J Fish Biol 65(Supplement A):201–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orpwood JE, Griffiths SW, Armstrong JD (2006) Effects of food availability on temporal activity patterns and growth of Atlantic salmon. J Anim Ecol 75:677–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palm D (2007) Restoration of streams used for timber floating. PhD thesis 120, Fish Env Stud, SLU, Umeå

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual MA, Quinn TP, Fuss H (1995) Factors affecting the homing of fall chinook salmon from Columbia River. Trans Am Fish Soc 124:308–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson DA, Macdonald JS, Hinch SG et al (2004) The effect of exercise and captivity on energy partitioning, reproductive maturation and fertilization success in adult sockeye salmon. J Fish Biol 64:1039–1059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen S, Rasmussen G, Nielsen EE et al (2007) Straying of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, from delayed and coastal releases in the Baltic sea, with special focus on the Swedish west coast. Fish Manage Ecol 14:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Peery CA, Bjornn TC, Bjornn C (2004) Interactions between natural and hatchery chinook salmon parr in a laboratory stream channel. Fish Res 66:311–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelis RM, McCormick SD (2003) Fin development in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 220:525–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper VA, Nicholls T, Oliver NP (1992) An evaluation of the quality of fall-fingerling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) released to natural lacustrine nursery areas in Newfoundland, Canada. Hydrobiologia 243/244:249–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pethon P, Lillehammer L, Barstad G (1998) Smolt production in the Førland Channel: The salmon enhancement programme, River Suldalslågen. Rep Statkraft Engineer, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrosky CE, Bjornn TC (1988) Response of wild rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat trout (S. clarki) to stocked rainbow trout in fertile and infertile stream. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:2087–2105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering AD, Pottinger TG, Christie P (1982) Recovery of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study. J Fish Biol 20:229–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piggins DJ, Mills CPR (1985) Comparative aspects of the biology of naturally produced and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 45:321–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pigliucci M (2005) Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: where are we going now? Trends Ecol Evol 20:481–486

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirhonen J, Valkeajärvi P, Thorpe JE et al (2003) Effect of stocking time on yield and location of recapture in two forms of brown trout (Salmo trutta) when stocked in respect to migration activity. Aquaculture 222:189–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poff NL, Hart DD (2002) How dams vary and why it matters for the emerging science of dam removal. Bioscience 52:659–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole WR, Nolan DT, Wevers T et al (2003) An ecophysiological comparison of wild and ­hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts from the Burrishole system, western Ireland. Aquaculture 222:301–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price EO (1999) Behavioural development in animals undergoing domestication. Appl Anim Behav Sci 65:211–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primmer CR, Landry PA, Ranta E et al (2003) Prediction of offspring fitness based on parental genetic diversity in endangered salmonid populations. J Fish Biol 63:909–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primmer CR, Veselov AJ, Zubchenko A (2006) Isolation by distance within a river system: genetic population structuring of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in tributaries of the Varzuga River in northwest Russia. Mol Ecol 15:653–666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TP (1993) A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fish Res 18:29–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TP, McGinnity P, Cross TF (2006) Long-term declines in body size and shifts in run timing of Atlantic salmon in Ireland. J Fish Biol 68:1713–1730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TP, Vøllestad LA, Peterson J et al (2004) Influences of freshwater and marine growth on the egg size – egg number trade-off in coho and chinook salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 133:55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raddum GG, Fjellheim A (1995) Artificial deposition of eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a regulated Norwegian river: hatching, dispersal and growth of fry. Reg Riv 10:169–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall RG (1982) Emergence, population densities, and growth of salmon and trout in two New Brunswick streams. Can J Zool 60:2239–2244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid RE, Kim EM, Page D et al (2007) Thyroxine replacement in an animal model of congenital hypothyroidism. Physiol Behav 94:299–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt UG (2001) Selection for surface feeding in farmed and sea-ranched masu salmon juveniles. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:155–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt UG, Yamamoto T, Nakano S (2001) Effects of body size and predator on intercohort competition in wild and domesticated juvenile salmon in a stream. Ecol Res 16:327–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiriz L, Nicieza AG, Braña F (1998) Prey selection by experienced and naïve juvenile Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 53:100–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reisenbichler RR, Rubin SP (1999) Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations. ICES J Mar Sci 56:459–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis-Lunardelli E, Ramirez MR, Castro C et al (2007) Effects of an acute treatment with L-thyroxine on memory, habituation, danger avoidance, and on Na+, K  +  -ATPase activity in rat brain. Cur Neurovasc Res 4:259–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes JS, Quinn TP (1998) Factors affecting the outcome of territorial contests between hatchery and naturally reared coho salmon parr in the laboratory. J Fish Biol 53:1220–1230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker WE (1981) Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:1636–1656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rijnsdorp AD (1993) Selection differentials in male and female North Sea plaice and changes in maturation and fecundity. In: Stokes TK, McGlade JM, Law R (eds) The exploitation of evolving resources. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley SC, Fuss HJ, VeClair LL (2004) Ecological effects of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook and coho salmon on wild juvenile salmonids in two Washington streams. N Am J Fish Manage 24:506–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SC, Tatara CP, Scheurer JA (2005) Aggression and feeding of hatchery-reared and naturally reared steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry in a laboratory flume and a comparison with observations in natural streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:1400–1409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley WD, Ives MJ, Pawson MG et al (2006) Seasonal variation in habitat use by salmon, Salmo salar, trout, Salmo trutta and grayling, Thymallus thymallus, in a chalk stream. Fish Manage Ecol 13:221–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rimmer DM, Paim U, Saunders RL (1984) Changes in the selection of microhabitat by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the summer-autumn transition in a small river. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:469–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter JA (1997) The contribution of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) enhancement to a sustainable resource. ICES J Mar Sci 54:1177–1187

    Google Scholar 

  • Roni P, Beechie TJ, Bilby RE et al (2002) A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in Pacific Northwest watersheds. N Am J Fish Manage 22:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roni P, Bennett T, Morley S et al (2006) Rehabilitation of bedrock stream channels: the effects of boulder weir placement on aquatic habitat and biota. Riv Res Appl 22:967–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland BO, Skogheim OK (1984) A comparative study on salmonid fish species in acid aluminium-rich water. II. Physiological stress and mortality of one and two year old fish. Rep Inst Freshw Res Drottningholm 61:186–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland L (1965) Marking of salmon smolt. In: Status of the year 1965, from the Royal Norwegian Society of Science, Trondheim (In Norwegian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland L (1975) Annual report 1974. Norw Dir Hunt Fish Manage, Trondheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosseland L (1978) Experiments from smolt releases in hydrodynamic regulated rivers. In: Gunnerød TB, Mellquist P (eds) The Biological effects of hydrodynamic regulation in reservoirs and salmon rivers. NVE/DVF (in Norwegian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe DK, Thorpe JE, Shanks AM (1991) Role of fat stores in the maturation of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:405–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rungruangsak-Torrissen K, Carter CG, Sundby A et al (1999) Maintenance ration, protein synthesis capacity, plasma insulin and growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with genetically different trypsin isozymes. Fish Physiol Biochem 21:223–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rungruangsak-Torrissen K, Pringle GM, Moss R et al (1998) Effects of varying rearing temperatures on expression of different trypsin isozymes, feed conversion efficiency and growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiol Biochem 19:247–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryman N, Laikre L (1991) Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effective population size. Cons Biol 5:325–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salminen M, Alapassi T, Ikonen E (2007) The importance of stocking age in the enhancement of River Kymijoki salmon (Salmo salar). J Appl Ichthyol 23:46–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saloniemi I, Jokikokko E, Kallio-Nyberg I et al (2004) Survival of reared and wild Atlantic salmon smolts: size matters more in bad years. ICES J Mar Sci 61:782–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salvanes AGV, Braithwaite VA (2006) The need to understand the behaviour of fish we rear for mariculture or for restocking. ICES J Mar Sci 63:346–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltveit SJ (1998) The effect of stocking Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Norwegian rivers. In: Cowx IG (ed) Stocking and introduction of fish. Fish News Books, Blackwell Sci Publ, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltveit SJ, Hallraker JH, Arnekleiv JV et al (2001) Field experiments on stranding in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) during rapid flow decreases caused by hydropowerpeaking. Reg Riv Res Manage 17:609–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheuerell MD (2005) Influence of juvenile size on the age at maturity of individually marked wild chinook salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:999–1004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler DW (1988) Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science 239:149–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder RK, Lindsay RB, Kenaston KR (2001) Origin and straying of hatchery winter steelhead in Oregon coastal rivers. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:431–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scruton DA, Clarke KA, Anderson TC et al (1997) Evaluation of habitat improvement and restoration initiatives for salmonids in Newfoundland, Canada. Can Manu Rep Fish Aquat Sci 2413:1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruton DA, Neil OLM, Clarke KD et al (2003) The behavioural response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to experimental hydropeaking on a Newfoundland (Canada) river. River Res Appl 19:577–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scruton DA, Pennell CJ, Robertson MJ et al (2005) Seasonal response of juvenile Atlantic salmon to experimental hydropeaking power generation in Newfoundland, Canada. N Am J Fish Manage 25:964–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scruton DA, Pennell CJ, Ollerhead LMN et al (2008) A synopsis of ‘hydropeaking’ studies on the response of juvenile Atlantic salmon to experimental flow alteration. Hydrobiologia 609:263–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sergeant CJ, Beauchamp DA (2006) Effects of physical habitat and ontogeny on lentic habitat preference of juvenile chinook salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 135:1191–1204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan TE, Kocik JE, Cardin SX et al (2005) Marine growth and morphometrics for three populations of Atlantic salmon from eastern Maine, USA. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:775–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shemai B, Sallenave R, Cowley DE (2007) Competition between hatchery-raised Rio Grande cutthroat trout and wild brown trout. N Am J Fish Manage 27:315–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirvell CS, Dungey RG (1983) Microhabitats chosen by brown trout for feeding and spawning rivers. Trans Am Fish Soc 112:355–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein JT, Shearer KD, Dickhoff WW et al (1999) Regulation of nutrient intake and energy balance in salmon. Aquaculture 177:161–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad C, Tanner C, Crandell C et al (2005) Challenges of habitat restoration in a heavily urbanized estuary: evaluating the investment. J Coast Res Spec Iss 40:6–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Skilbrei OT, Holm M (1998) Effects of long-term exercise on survival, homing and straying of released Atlantic salmon smolts. J Fish Biol 52:1083–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CL, Gilden J, Steel BS et al (1998) Sailing the shoals of adaptive management: the case of salmon in the Pacific Northwest. Env Manage 22:671–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Specker JL, Schreck CB (1980) Stress responses to transportation and fitness for marine survival in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:765–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staurnes M, Hansen LP, Fugelli K et al (1996) Short-term exposure to acid water impairs osmoregulation, seawater tolerance, and subsequent marine survival of smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:1695–1704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart DC, Smith GW, Youngson AF (2002) Tributaryspecific variation in timing of return of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to fresh water has a genetic component. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:276–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundström LF, Johnsson JI (2001) Experience and social environment influence the ability of young brown trout to forage on live novel prey. Anim Behav 61:249–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundström LF, Lohmus M, Johnsson JI (2003) Investment in territorial defence depends on rearing environment in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 54:249–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundström LF, Petersson E, Höjsjö J et al (2004) Hatchery selection promotes boldness in newly hatched brown trout (Salmo trutta): implications for dominance. Behav Ecol 15:192–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundström LF, Peterson E, Johnsson JI et al (2005) Heart rate responses to predation risk in Salmo trutta are affected by the rearing environment. J Fish Biol 67:1280–1286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suttle KB, Power ME, Levine JM et al (2004) How fine sediment in river beds impairs growth and survival of juvenile salmonids. Ecol Appl 14:969–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen CJ, Koed A, Aarestrup K (2004) Factors influencing the spawning migration of female anadromous brown trout. J Fish Biol 64:528–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swain DP, Riddell BE, Murray CB (1991) Morphological differences between hatchery and wild populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): environmental versus genetic origin. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:1783–1791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Symons PEK, Heland M (1978) Stream habitats and behavioural interactions of underyearling and yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Fish Res Bd Can 35:175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachek JL, Foster MJ, Engel CE et al (1993) A system for the incubation of separate groups of salmonids eggs. Progr Fish Cult 55:101–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallmon DA, Luikart G, Waples RS (2004) The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue. Trends Ecol Evol 19:489–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamate T, Maekawa K (2000) Interpopulation variation in reproductive traits of female masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Oikos 90:209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor EB (1986) Differences in morphology between wild and hatchery populations of juvenile coho salmon. Progr Fish Cult 48:171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tetzlaff D, Soulsby C, Youngson AF et al (2005) Variability in stream discharge and temperature: a preliminary assessment of the implications for juvenile and spawning Atlantic salmon. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 9:193–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thedinga JF, Wertheimer AC, Heintz RA et al (2000) Effects of stock, coded-wire tagging, and transplant on straying of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southeastern Alaska. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:2076–2085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe JE (2004) Life history responses of fishes to culture. J Fish Biol 65(Suppl A): 263–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe JE, Miles MS, Keay DS (1984) Developmental rate, fecundity and egg size in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture 43:289–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstad EB, Økland F, Kroglund F et al (2003) Upstream migration of Atlantic salmon on the River Nidelva, southern Norway. Fish Manage Ecol 10:139–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrower FJ, Joyce E (2006) The effects of stock and pre-release marine net-pen culture on survival to adulthood, age at maturity, and fisheries contribution for three stocks of Chinook salmon in Southeast Asia. N Am J Aquacult 68:317–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiira K, Piironen J, Primmer CR (2006) Evidence of reduced genetic variation in severely deformed juvenile salmonids. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:2700–2707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilzey RDJ (1977) Repeat homing of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Lake Eucumbene, New South Wales, Australia. J Fish Res Board Can 34:1085–1094

    Google Scholar 

  • Tringali MD, Bert TM (1998) Risk of genetic effective population size should be an important consideration in fish stock enhancement programs. Bull Mar Sci 62:641–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugedal O, Finstad B, Damsgård B et al (1998) Seawater tolerance and downstream migration in hatchery-reared and wild brown trout. Aquaculture 168:395–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin MJ, Glova GJ (1997) Changes in life history parameters in a natural spawning population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) associated with releases of hatchery-reared fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:1235–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utter FW (1998) Genetic problems of hatchery-reared progeny released into the wild, and how to deal with them. Bull Mar Sci 62:623–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Utter FW (2004) Population genetics, conservation and evolution in salmonids and other widely cultured fishes: some perspectives over six decades. Rev Fish Biol Fish 14:125–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin S, Lauters F, Sabaton C et al (1996) Modelling temporal variations of physical habitat for brown trout (Salmo trutta) in hydropeaking conditions. Reg Riv Res Manage 12:317–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Houdt JKJ, Pinceel J, Flamand MC (2005) Migration barriers protect indigenous brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations from introgression with stocked hatchery fish. Cons Gen 6:175–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasemägi A, Gross R, Paaver T et al (2005) Extensive immigration from compensatory hatchery releases into wild Atlantic salmon population in the Baltic Sea: spatio-temporal analysis over 18 years. Heredity 95:76–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vehanen T, Bjerke PL, Heggenes J et al (2000) Effect of fluctuating flow and temperature on cover type selection and behaviour by juvenile brown trout in artificial flumes. J Fish Biol 56:923–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verspoor E, Stradmeyer L, Nielsen J (2007) The Atlantic salmon: genetics, conservation and management. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilhunen S, Hirvonen H, Laakkonen MM (2005) Less is more: social learning of predator recognition requires a low demonstrator to observer ration in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 57:275–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent RE (1987) Effects of stocking catchable-size hatchery rainbow trout on two wild trout species in the Madison River and O’Dell Creek, Montana. N Am J Fish Manage 7:91–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vøllestad LA, Peterson J, Quinn TP (2004) Effects of freshwater and marine growth rates on early maturity in male coho and chinook salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 133:495–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Cramon-Taubadel N, Ling EN, Cotter N et al (2005) Determination of body shape variation in Irish hatchery-reared and wild Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 66:1471–1482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner EJ, Arndt RE, Roubidoux R (2006) The effect of temperature changes and transport on cutthroat trout eggs soon after fertilization. N Am J Aquacult 68:235–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters CJ (1992) Perspectives on adaptive policy design in fisheries management. In: Jain K, Botsford KL (eds) Applied population biology. Klüwer Academic, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters CJ (1997) Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems. Cons Ecol 1 (2):1 (Online) http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss2/art1/

  • Walters CJ, Hilborn R (1978) Ecological optimization and adaptive management. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 8:157–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JL, Ryman N (2001) Genetic effects of multiple generations of supportive breeding. Cons Biol 15:1619–1631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waples RS (1998) Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species. J Hered 89:438–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waples RS (1999) Dispelling some myths about hatcheries. Fisheries 24:12–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward DM, Nislow KH, Chen CY et al (2009) Rapid, efficient growth reduces mercury concentrations in stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 139:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber ED, Fausch KD (2003) Interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids in streams: differences in biology and evidence for competition. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1018–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber ED, Fausch KD (2005) Competition between hatchery-reared and wild juvenile Chinook salmon in enclosures in the Sacramento River, California. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:44–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber P (2006) Havørret Fyn (Sea trout in Fyn). Norhaven, Odense (In Danish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss S, Schmutz S (1999) Performance of hatchery-reared brown trout and their effects on wild fish in two small Austrian streams. Trans Am Fish Soc 128:302–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer AC, Heard WR, Maselko JM et al (2004) Relationship of size at return with environmental variation, hatchery production, and productivity of wild pink salmon in Prince William Sound, Alaska: does it matter? Rev Fish Biol Fish 14:321–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wessel M, Smoker WW, Fagen RM et al (2006) Variation of agonistic behaviour among juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of hatchery, hybrid and wild origin. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:438–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen KG, LaBar GW (1998) Survival and growth of unfed and fed Atlantic salmon fry stocked in a Vermont tributary of the Connecticut River. N Am J Fish Manage 18:931–935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitlock D (1978) The Whitlock vibert box handbook. Fed fly fish, El Segundo

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JG (1998) Fish passage in the Columbia River. In: Jungwirth M, Schmutz S, Weiss S (eds) Fish migration and fish bypasses. Fishing News Books, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto S, Morita K (2002) Interpopulation comparison of size and age at smolting of white-spotted charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis. Ecol Freshw Fish 11:281–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Reinhardt UG (2003) Dominance and predator avoidance in domesticated and wild masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Fish Sci 69:88–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota M, Harada Y, Iizuka M (2003) Genetic drift in a hatchery and the maintenance of genetic diversity in hatchery-wild systems. Fish Sci 69:101–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngson AF, Webb JH (1992) The relationship between stream or river discharge and thyroid-hormone levels in wild adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Can J Zool 70:140–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngson AF, Hansen LP, Jonsson B et al (1989) Effects of exogenous thyroxin or prior exposure to raised water-flow on the downstream movement of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts. J Fish Biol 34:791–797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngson AF, Malcolm IA, Thorley JL et al (2004) Long-residence groundwater effects on incubating salmonid eggs: low hyporheic oxygen impairs embryo development. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2278–2287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeh M, Dönni W (1994) Restoration of spawning grounds for trout and grayling in the river High-Rhine. Aquat Sci Res Across Bound 56:59–69

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway

    Bror Jonsson & Nina Jonsson

Authors
  1. Bror Jonsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nina Jonsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bror Jonsson .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jonsson, B., Jonsson, N. (2011). Population Enhancement and Population Restoration. In: Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1189-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation