Skip to main content

Input Stages

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Operational Amplifiers

Abstract

The input stage of an Operational Amplifier has the task of sensing the differential input voltage. This process is disturbed by interference signals such as: offset, bias, drift, noise and common-mode crosstalk. The modeling of these signals has been given in Chap. 2. The level of these additive interference signals determines the useful sensitivity of the amplifier. The design of the input stage should aim at low values of these interference signals, while the current consumption should be low, and a large portion of the rail-to-rail range should be available for common-mode signals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Data sheet, Varactor-bridge operational amplifiers, Model 310 and 311 Analog Devices, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  2. E.A. Goldberg, Stabilization of wideband amplifiers for zero and gain, RCA Revue, June 1950, pp. 298

    Google Scholar 

  3. R.J. Veen, Piezojunction effect on a planar n-p-n transistor for transducer aims. Electron. Lett. 15(12), 333–334 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R.M. WarnerJr., J.N. Fordemwalt, Integrated circuits, design principles and fabrication in Motorola Series Solid-State Electronics (Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1965)

    Google Scholar 

  5. J.E. Solomon, The monolithic opamp: a tutorial study. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. SC-9, 314–332 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M.A. Maidigne, A high precision monolithic super beta operational amplifier. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. SC-7, 482–483 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  7. G.R. Wilson, A monolithic junction FET-NPN operation amplifier. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. SC-3, 341–348 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. C.D. Motchenbacher, F.C. Fitchen, in Low-Noise Electronic Design (Wiley, New York, 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  9. R. Blauschild, Differential amplifier circuit with rail-to-rail capability, US Patent 4,532, 479, 30 July 1985

    Google Scholar 

  10. J.H. Huijsing, D. Linebarger, Low-voltage operational amplifier with rail-to-rail input and output ranges. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. SC-20(6), 1144–1150 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Hogervorst, J.P. Tero, R.G.H. Eschauzier, J.H. Huijsing, A compact power-efficient 3 V CMOS rail-to-rail input/output operational amplifier for VCSI cell libraries. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. 29(12), (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  12. K.J. de Langen, R. Hogervorst, J.H. Huijsing, Translinear circuits in low-voltage operational amplifiers in Analog Circuit Design (Kluwer, Boston, 1996), pp. 357–385

    Google Scholar 

  13. D.L. Knee, C.E. Moore, General-purpose 3 V CMOS operational amplifier with a new constant-transconductance input stage. Hewlett-Packard J. Aug, 114–120 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. Hogervorst, J.H. Huijsing, J.P. Tero, Rail-to-rail input stages with g m -control by multiple input pairs, US Patent 5,561,396, Oct 1996

    Google Scholar 

  15. W. Redman-White, A high bandwidth constant g m and slew-rate rail-to-rail CMOS input circuit and its application to analog cells for low-voltage VLSI systems. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. 32(5), 701–712 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. B.J. Blalock, P.E. Allen, G.A. Rincon-Mora, Designing 1-V OpAmps using standard digital CMOS technology. IEEE T. Circuits-II 45(07), 769–781 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. G. van der Horn, J.H. Huijsing, Extension of the common-mode range of bipolar input stages beyond the supply rails of operational amplifiers and comparators. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. 28(7), 750–757 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J.F. Witte, K.A.A. Makinwa, J.H. Huijsing, A current feedback instrumentation amplifier with 5 uV offset for bidirectional high-side current sensing, IEEE Solid-State Cirrcuits Conference 2008, San Francisco, Session 3.5, 4–6 Feb 2008

    Google Scholar 

  19. J.F. Witte, K.A.A. Makinwa, J.H. Huijsing, Dynamic Offset Compensated CMOS Amplifiers. (Springer, New York, 2009), 250pp. ISBN:978-1-4020-8163-7

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. D.J. Comer, D.T. Comer, Using the weak inversion region to optimize input stage design of CMOS OpAmps. IEEE T. Circuits-II 51(1), 8–14 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M.J.M. Pelgrom, H.P. Tuinhout, M. Vertregt, Transistor matching in analog CMOS applications, IEDM 98–915, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  22. K.J. de Langen, J.H. Huijsing, Compact low-voltage PTAT-current source and bandgap-reference circuits, Solid-State Circuits Conference, ESSCIRC ‘98, Proceedings of the 24th European, pp. 109–111, 22–14 Sept 1998

    Google Scholar 

  23. H.C. Nauta, E.H. Nordholt, New class of high-performance PTAT current sources. Electron. Lett. 21, pp. 384–386 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. R.F. Wassenaar, Analysis of analog CMOS circuits, Fig. 5.9, PhD Thesis, Twente University, 31 Oct 1996

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johan Huijsing .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huijsing, J. (2011). Input Stages. In: Operational Amplifiers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0596-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0596-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0595-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0596-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics