Abstract
The assessment of the coupled heat and mass transfer in protective clothing is very complex as the layers of the system are a combination of fabric and air layers that constantly change with the movements of the wearer. The methods to measure these mechanisms become more and more sophisticated which increases the precision of models to predict the impact of heat and moisture fluxes on the human thermal physiology. The simulation of the human thermoregulatory mechanisms requires the combination of physical models representing the body (manikins) with physiological (mathematical) models. This chapter gives different examples of advanced measurement methods to characterize the thermal properties of fabrics and garments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
AATCC 195 (2009) Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Bencsik M, Adriaensen H, Brewer SA, McHale G (2008) Quantitative NMR monitoring of liquid ingress into repellent heterogeneous layered fabrics. J Magn Reson 193:32–36
Bogerd N, Psikuta A, Daanen HAM, Rossi RM (2010) How to measure thermal effects of personal cooling-systems: human and thermal manikins study. Physiol Meas 31(9):1161–1168, accepted
Burlion N, Bernard D, Chen D (2006) X-ray microtomography: application to microstructure analysis of a cementitious material during leaching process. Cem Concr Res 36:346–357
Carr HW, Beckham HW, Spiess HW, Fulber C, Blumich B (1998) Nuclear-magnetic-resonance imaging of water distributions in loop-pile nylon carpet tiles. J Text Inst 89:436–440
Desruelle AV, Schmid B (2004) The steam laboratory of the Institut de Medecine Navale du Service de Sante des Armees: a set of tools in the service of the French Navy. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:630–635
Dukes-Dobos F, Reischl U (2003) A simple and inexpensive thermomanikin – development of a prototype. 2nd European conference on protective clothing and NOKOBETEF 7, Montreux, Switzerland
Fan J, Chen YS (2002) Measurement of clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance using a novel perspiring fabric thermal manikin. Meas Sci Technol 13:1115–1123
Farrington R, Rugh J, Bharathan D, Burke R (2004) Use of a thermal manikin to evaluate human thermoregulatory responses in transient, non-uniform, thermal environments. Society of Automotive Engineers International 2004-01-2345, New York
Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (1999) A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions: the passive system. J Appl Physiol 87:1957–1972
Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2001) Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions. Int J Biometeorol 45:143–159
Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (2003) First principles modelling of thermal sensation responses in steady-state and transient conditions. ASHRAE Trans 109:179–186
Havenith G, Richards MG, Wang XX, Brode P, Candas V, den Hartog E, Holmer I, Kuklane K, Meinander H, Nocker W (2008) Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and “heat pipe” effects. J Appl Physiol 104:142–149
Holmer I (2004) Thermal manikin history and applications. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:614–618
Hu JY, Yi L, Yeung KW, Wong ASW, Xu WL (2005) Moisture management tester: a method to characterize fabric liquid moisture management properties. Text Res J 75:57–62
Keiser C, Rossi RM (2010) Analysis of steam formation and migration in firefighters’ protective clothing using X-ray radiography. J Occup Saf Ergon 16(2):217–229
Keiser K, Wyss P, Rossi RM (2010) Analysis of steam formation and migration in firefighters’ protective clothing using X-ray radiography. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 16:131–143
Leisen J, Beckham HW (2001) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of fluid distribution and movement in textiles. Text Res J 71:1033–1045
Leisen J, Beckham HW, Glantz R (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of fluids in nonwovens. TAPPI nonwovens conference, New Orleans, pp 159–167
Leisen J, Schauss G, Stanley C, Beckham HW (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging applications in textile and fiber engineering: fabrics and diapers. Aatcc Rev 8:32–36
Li FZ, Li Y (2005) Effect of clothing material on thermal responses of the human body. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 13:809–827
McCullough EA (2002) The use of thermal manikins to evaluate clothing and environmental factors. In 10th conference on environmental ergonomics, Fukuoka, Japan, pp 427–430
McCullough EA, Jones B, Huck J (1985) A comprehensive database for estimating clothing insulation. ASHRAE Trans 91:29–47
Nielsen R, Toftum J, Madsen TL (1992) Impact of Drying of Wet Clothing on Human Heat Loss, Proceedings of the Fifth Int Conf on Environmental Ergonomics, Maastricht, p 72–73
Psikuta A, Richards M, Fiala D (2008) Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator. Physiol Meas 29:181–192
Psikuta A, Richards MGM, Fiala D, Rossi RM (2010) Opportunities and limitations of simulation of the human body using a thermal manikin. Physiol Meas, submitted
Reifler FA, Lehmann EH, Frei G, May H, Rossi R (2006) The method of neutron imaging as a tool for the study of the dynamics of water movement in wet aramid-based ballistic body armour panels. Meas Sci Technol 17:1925–1934
Richards MGM, Mattle NG (2001) Development of a sweating agile thermal manikin (SAM). In: Richards MGM (ed) 4th international meeting on thermal Manikins, EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Richards MGM, Rossi R, Meinander H, Broede P, Candas V, den Hartog E, Holmer I, Nocker W, Havenith G (2008) Dry and wet heat transfer through clothing dependent on the clothing properties under cold conditions. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 14:69–76
Roels S, Carmeliet J (2006) Analysis of moisture flow in porous materials using microfocus X-ray radiography. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49:4762–4772
Rossi R, Indelicato E, Bolli W (2004) Hot steam transfer through heat protective clothing layers. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 10:239–245
Rossi RM (1999) Experimental studies of the interactions between protection and physiology in fire fighters’ protective clothing PhD thesis ETH no 12496, Zurich
Rossi RM et al (2005) Chapter 9: interactions between protection and thermal comfort. In: Textiles for protection. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, pp 233–260
Rossi RM, Stämpfli R, Rechsteiner I, Brühwiler PA (2010) Vertical and lateral wicking effects in sock materials under pressure. Text Res J submitted
Sati R, Crown EM, Ackerman M, Gonzalez J, Dale D (2008) Protection from steam at high pressures: development of a test device and protocol. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 14:29–41
Spencer-Smith JL (1994) The Physical Basis of Clothing Comfort, Part 2: Heat Transfer through Dry Clothing Assemblies, Clothing Res J 5(1):3–17
Tanabe S, Arens EA, Bauman FS, Zang H, Madsen TL (1994) Evaluating thermal environments by using a thermal manikin with controlled skin surface temperature. ASHRAE Trans 100:39–48
Weder M, Bruhwiler PA, Herzig U, Huber R, Frei G, Lehmann E (2004) Neutron radiography measurements of moisture distribution in multilayer clothing systems. Text Res J 74:695–700
Weder M, Bruhwiler PA, Laib A (2006) X-ray tomography measurements of the moisture distribution in multilayered clothing systems. Text Res J 76:18–26
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rossi, R.M., Psikuta, A. (2012). Assessment of the Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Through Protective Garments Using Manikins and Other Advanced Measurement Devices. In: Kiekens, P., Jayaraman, S. (eds) Intelligent Textiles and Clothing for Ballistic and NBC Protection. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0576-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0576-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0575-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0576-0
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)