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Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland pp 669–721Cite as

Climate Evolution in the Northern North Atlantic – 15 Ma to Present

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Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 35))

Abstract

This chapter evaluates climatic signals from floras of 11 sedimentary rock formations from Iceland spanning the time interval 15–0.8 Ma. From 15 to 12 Ma, the climate was humid warm temperate probably with hot summers (Cfa climate) as evidenced by the presence of taxodiaceous conifers such as Glyptostrobusand Cryptomeriaand warmth-loving angiosperms. The first shift towards cooler conditions occurred between ca 12 and 10 Ma; during this period the Taxodiaceae and warmth-loving angiosperms such as Magnolia,Lauraceae, and Liriodendrondisappeared from the vegetation of Iceland, whereas at the same time, a massive immigration of herbaceous plants and small-leaved Ericaceae is recorded. This shift appears to reflect the transition from a Cfa to a Cfb climate. The second shift was between ca 5.5 and ca 4.4 Ma; after this interval, small-leaved Salixspecies are recorded for the first time and co-occurred with exotic elements such as the large-leaved evergreen Rhododendronsubsection Pontica. Mild (Cfb climate) conditions lasted at least until ca 3.6 Ma. Between ca 3.6 and 2.4 Ma, the switch to the modern Cfc and ET climates occurred. This is reflected by the modern appearance of the Pleistocene floras. While cooling on a global scale occurred immediately after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum at ca 17–15 Ma due to the rapid growth of the Eastern Antarctic Ice Sheet, mild and warm conditions lasted until at least ca 12 Ma in Iceland, underscoring the effect of warm sea currents on regional climate. The shift from a warm-house to a cold-house climate, as reflected in the floras of Iceland, coincided with the onset of large-scale glaciations in the northern hemisphere.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

    Thomas Denk

  2. Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Friðgeir Grímsson & Reinhard Zetter

  3. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Leifur A. Símonarson

Authors
  1. Thomas Denk
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  2. Friðgeir Grímsson
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  3. Reinhard Zetter
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  4. Leifur A. Símonarson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Denk .

Appendices

Appendix 13.1

Taxa lists for 10 formations from the Cainozoic of Iceland indicating potential modern analogues and their climatic (MAT) parameters

Selárdalur-Botn Formation Taxa

 

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiumsp. 1

Polypodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Cupressaceae s.1

     

Cryptomeriasp.

Cryptomeria japonica

7  a

20.5

  

Glyptostrobus europaeus

Glyptostrobus pensilis

14.5

26.6

  

Juniperussp.

Juniperus

Cosmopolitan

   

Sequoia abietina

Sequoia sempervirens

9.4

15.3

  

Pinaceae

     

Cathayasp.

Cathaya argyrophylla

9.3

18.6

  

?Piceasp

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp. 1 Diploxylon

Pinus

Cosmopolitan

   

Tsugasp. 1

Tsuga diversifolia

6.2

17.2

  

Aquifoliaceae

     

Ilexsp. 1

Ilex aquifolium

7.2

18.222.4 }22.1\(\left. \begin{array}{ll} {18.2} \\ {22.4} \\{21.1} \\ \end{array}\right\}\)

 

22.4

 

Ilex opaca

7.4

7.2

 

Ilex decidua

11.1

Betulaceae

     

Alnussp. 1

Alnus japonica

0.2

24.416.3 }18.6\(\left. \begin{gathered} 24.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ 18.6 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

0

24.5

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

 

Alnus subcordata

7.2

Betulasp. 1

Betula ermannii

–7

14.615.311.4 }22.5\(\left. {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {14.6} \\ {15.3} \\ {11.4} \\ {22.5} \\ \end{array} } \right\}\)

–7

22.5

 

Betula delavayi

4.1

 

Betula chinensisvar. fargesii

2.9

 

Betula utilis

–0.4

Carpinussp.

Carpinus cordata

3

16.7

  

Caprifoliaceae

     

Lonicerasp.

Lonicera xylosteum

0.1

14.9

  

Viburnumsp.

     

Cercidiphyllaceae

     

Cercidiphyllumsp.

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

7.6

17 }11.6\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17 \hfill \\ 11.6 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

4.6

17

 

Cercidiphyllum magnificum

4.6

Ericaceae

     

cf. Rhododendronsp.

Rhododendron maximum

4.6

17.5

  

Rhododendronsp. 1

Rhododendron ponticum

4.1

18.3

  

Fagaceae

     

Fagus friedrichii

Fagus crenata

3

13 }22.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13 \hfill \\ 22.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

3

22.1

 

Fagus grandifolia

4.4

Juglandaceae

     

Pterocaryasp.

Pterocarya macrocarpa

–1.9

19.8

  

Liliaceae

     

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Liliaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Magnoliaceae

     

cf. Magnoliasp.

Magnolia

6.2

27

  

Platanaceae

     

Platanus leucophylla

Platanus occidentalis

5.4

21.1

  

Rosaceae

     

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. 1

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. 2

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. 3

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

  

Salicaceae

     

Salixsp. 1

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 }23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Sapindaceae

     

Acersp. 1

Acer rubrum

–1.1

23.8

  

Acersp. 2

Acer saccharum

–1.1

15.8

  

Aesculussp.

Aesculus flava

8.6

22.1 }24.4\(\left. \begin{gathered} 22.1 \hfill \\ 24.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

0.2

24.4

 

Aesculus pavia

0.2

Tiliaceae

     

Tilia selardalense

Tilia americana

1.1

16.1 }14\(\left. \begin{gathered} 16.1 \hfill \\ 14 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

1.1

16.1

 

Tilia platyphyllos

3.4

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

  

Ulmaceae

     

Ulmussp. MTI

Ulmus

–1.2

24.3

  

Vitaceae

     

Parthenocissussp.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2.1

19.8  }21.4 \(\left. \begin{gathered} 19.8 \hfill \\ 21.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.1

21.4

 

Parthenocissus laetevirens

9.3

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Pollen type 1

–

–

–

  

a Grey shading indicates the four warmest MATminvalues encountered; dark grey shading indicates this taxon is a climatic outlier (see text for explanation)

Brjánslækur-Seljá Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Bryophyta

     

Hepaticae gen. et spec. indet.

Hepaticae

Cosmopolitan

   

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

   

Osmundaceae

     

Osmunda parschlugiana

Osmunda regalis

3.2

23.9

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis - unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore fam. gen. et spec. indet. 1

–

–

   

Ephedraceae

     

Ephedrasp.

Ephedra distachya

9.4

18.9

  

Cupressaceae incl. Taxodiaceae

     

Cryptomeria anglica

Cryptomeria japonica

7

20.5

  

Glyptostrobussp.

Glyptostrobus pensilis

14.5

26.6

  

Sequoiasp.

Sequoia sempervirens

9.4

15.3

  

Pinaceae

     

Abies steenstrupiana

Abies

–6.7

27.4

  

Cathayasp.

Cathaya argyrophylla

9.3

18.6

  

Piceasect. Picea

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Tsugasp.

Tsuga diversifolia

6.2

17.2

  

Sciadopityaceae

     

Sciadopityssp.

Sciadopitys verticillata

7.4

16.6

  

Aquifoliaceae

     

Ilexsp. 1

Ilex aquifolium

7.2

18.222.4 } 21.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.2 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 22.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

7.2

22.4

 

Ilex opaca

7.4

 

Ilex decidua

11.1

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.422.4 } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Alnus gaudinii

Alnus japonica

0.2

24.4 } 18.6\(\left. \begin{gathered} 24.4 \hfill \\ 18.6 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

0.2

24.4

 

Alnus subcordata

7.2

Betula islandica

Betula ermannii

–7

14.615.3  } 22.5\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.6 \hfill \\ 15.3 \hfill \\ 22.5 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–7

22.5

 

Betula delavayi

4.1

 

Betula utilis

–0.4

Carpinussp. MT1

Carpinus betulus

4.3

15.528.2 }16.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.5 \hfill \\ 28.2 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.5

28.2

 

Carpinus caroliniana

2.5

Carpinussp. MT2

Carpinus cordata

3

Corylussp.

Corylus americana

–0.4

17.919 18.4\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.9 \hfill \\ 19 \hfill \\ 18.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–2.7

19

 

Corylus avellana

1.3

 

Corylus chinensis

–2.7

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.419.4 }18.320

5.3

20

 

Calycanthus floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Caprifoliaceae

     

Lonicerasp. 1

Lonicera xylosteum

0.1

14.9

  

Viburnumsp.

Viburnum opulus

1

14

  

Cyperaceae

     

Cyperaceae gen. et spec. indet. A

Cyperaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae

     

Rhododendronsp. 1

Rhododendron ponticum

4.1

18.3

  

Rhododendronsp. 2

Rhododendron maximum

4.6

17.5

  

Juglandaceae

     

Caryasp.

Carya cathayensis

8.5

18.4 } 22.4\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

4.4

22.4

 

Carya glabra

4.4

cf. Juglans

Juglans mandshurica

0.4

20

  

Pterocaryasp.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia

8.1

18.1 }19.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.1 \hfill \\ 19.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–1.9

19.1

 

Pterocarya macrocarpa

–1.9

Lauraceae

     

Laurophyllumsp. (Laurus)

Laurus nobilis

12.5

19.2

  

Sassafras ferrettianum

Sassafras albidum

6.7

18.1   } 19.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 20.6 \hfill \\ 19.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

6.7

20.6

 

Sassafras tzumu

8.4

Lemnaceae

     

Lemnasp.

Lemna

Cosmopolitan

   

Magnoliaceae

     

Liriodendron procaccinii

Liriodendron tulipifera

4.4

22| }18 27\(\left. \begin{gathered} 22 \hfill \\ 18 \hfill \\ 27 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

4.4

22

 

Liriodendron chinensis

11

Magnoliasp.

Magnolia

6.2

Myricaceae

     

Comptonia hesperia

Comptonia peregrina

3.4

15.6

  

Oleaceae

     

cf. Fraxinussp.

Fraxinus

3.1

21.1

  

Platanaceae

     

Platanussp.

Platanus occidentalis

5.4

21.1

  

Poaceae

     

Phragmitessp.

Phragmites

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

     

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. A

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. B

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. C

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

  

Salicaceae

     

Populussp. A (ex group P. tremulaL.)

Populus tremula

1.6

19  }25.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 19 \hfill \\ 25.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–21.8

25.3

 

Populus tremuloides

–21.8

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 } 23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Sapindaceae

     

Acer askelssonii

Acer saccharum

–1.1

15.8

  

Acer crenatifoliumsubsp. islandicum

Acer rubrum

–1.1

23.8

  

Smilacaceae

     

Smilaxsp.

Smilax

3.4

18.8

  

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

  

Ulmaceae

     

aff. Cedrelospermumsp.

Extinct genus

    

Ulmuscf. pyramidalis

Ulmus

–1.2

24.3

  

Valerianaceae

     

Valerianaceae gen. et spec. indet.

Valeriana

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Dicotylophyllumsp. A

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 1

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 2

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 3

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 4

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 5

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 6

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 7

–

–

–

  

Tröllatunga-Gautshamar Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Bryophyta

     

Sphagnumsp.

Sphagnum

Cosmopolitan

   

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

aff. Huperziasp.

Huperzia

Cosmopolitan

   

Osmundaceae

     

Osmunda parschlugiana

Osmunda regalis

3.2

23.9

  

Polypodiopsida

     

Pteridophyta gen. et spec. indet. 1

Pteridophyta

–

   

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiumsp. 1

Polypodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ginkgoaceae

     

Ginkgosp.

Ginkgo biloba

Natural distribution unknown

  

Pinaceae

     

Larixsp.

Larix

–14.5

16.1

  

Piceasect. Picea

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp. 2 Diploxylon

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Pseudotsugasp.

Pseudotsuga

–3.9

24.8

  

Tsugasp. 1

Tsuga diversifolia

6.2

17.2

  

Sciadopityaceae

     

Sciadopityssp.

Sciadopitys verticillata

7.4

16.6

  

Apiaceae

     

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Asteraceae

     

Artemisiasp. 1

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Artemisiasp. 2

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.4 22.4 } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Betula islandica

Betula ermannii

–7

14.6 15.3 } 22.5\(\left. {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{14}.{6}} \\ {{15}.{3}} \\ {{22}.{5}} \\ \end{array} } \right\}\)

–7

22.5

 

Betula delavayi

4.1

 

Betula utilis

–0.4

Carpinussp.

Carpinus betulus

4.3

15.5 28.2 16.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.5 \hfill \\ 28.2 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.5

28.2

 

Carpinus caroliniana

2.5

 

Carpinus cordata

3

Corylussp.

Corylus americana

–0.4

17.9 19  } 18.4\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.9 \hfill \\ 19 \hfill \\ 18.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–2.7

19

 

Corylus avellana

1.3

 

Corylus chinensis

–2.7

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.4 19.4 }18.3 20\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13.4 \hfill \\ 19.4 \hfill \\ 18.3 \hfill \\ 20 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.3

20

 

Calycanthus floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Caprifoliaceae

     

Lonicerasp. 1

Lonicera xylosteum

0.1

14.9

  

Lonicerasp. 2

     

Caryophyllaceae

     

Caryophyllaceae gen et. epec. indet. 1

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Caryophyllaceae gen et. epec. indet. 2

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Caryophyllaceae gen et. epec. indet. 3

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Chenopodiaceae

     

aff. Chenopodiumsp.

Chenopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Chenopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Chenopodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Cyperaceae

     

Cyperaceae gen. et spec. indet. A

Cyperaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae

     

Arctostaphylossp.

Arctostaphylos

–11.9

21.4

  

Rhododendronaff. ponticum

Rhododendron ponticum

4.1

18.3

  

Vacciniumsp.

Vaccinium

–12.4

20.8

  

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Fagaceae

     

Fagussp.

Fagus sylvatica

5.9

15.7} 16.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.7 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.9

16.7

 

Fagus longipetiolata

6

Trigonobalanopsissp.

Extinct genus

    

Juglandaceae

     

Cyclocaryasp.

Cyclocarya paliurus

3.5

20.5

  

Pterocaryasp.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia

8.1

18.1  } 19.8\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.1 \hfill \\ 19.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–1.9

19.8

 

Pterocarya macrocarpa

–1.9

Lemnaceae (syn. Lemnaoideae in Araceae)

     

Lemnaceae gen. et spec. indet.

Lemnaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Liliaceae

     

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Liliaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Liliaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Lythraceae

     

Decodonsp.

Decodon verticillatus

2.1

19.8

  

Nympheaceae

     

cf. Nupharsp.

Nuphar

Temperate northern hemisphere

Plantaginaceae

     

aff. Plantago lanceolata

Plantago lanceolata

Cosmopolitan

   

Platanaceae

     

Platanussp.

Platanus occidentalis

5.4

21.1

  

Poaceae

     

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonaceae

     

Polygonumsect. Aconogononsp.

Polygonum

Cosmopolitan

   

Rumexsp.

Rumex

Northern hemisphere

   

Ranunculaceae

     

Anemoneps.

Anemone

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculussp. 1

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Thalictrumsp. 1

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

     

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. type A

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

  

Salicaceae

     

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 } 23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Tröllatunga-Gautshamar Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Sapindaceae

     

Acer askelssonii

Acer saccharum

–1.1

15.8

  

Acer crenatifoliumsubsp. islandicum

Acer rubrum

–1.1

23.8

  

Smilacaceae

     

Smilaxsp.

Smilax

3.4

18.8

  

Tiliaceae

     

Tiliasp.

Tilia americana

1.1

16.1 } 14\(\left. \begin{gathered} 16.1 \hfill \\ 14 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

1.1

16.1

 

Tilia platyphyllos

3.4

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

  

Umaceae

     

Ulmussp.

Ulmus

–1.2

24.3

  

Vitaceae

     

Parthenocissussp.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2.1

19.8   } 21.4\(\left. \begin{gathered} 19.8 \hfill \\ 21.4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.1

21.4

 

Parthenocissus heterophylla

9.3

Incertae sedis-Magnoliophyta

     

Dicotylophyllumsp. B

–

–

–

  

Dicotylophyllumsp. C

     

Pollen type 8

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 9

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 10

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 11

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 12

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 13

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 14

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 15

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 16

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 17

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 18

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 19

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 20

–

–

–

  

Skarðsströnd-Mókollsdalur Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiellasp.

Lycopodiella

Cosmopolitar

   

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitar

   

aff. Huperziasp.

Huperzia

Cosmopolitar

   

Osmundaceae

     

Osmundasp.

Osmunda regalis

3.2

23.9

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Monolete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 1

–

    

Monolete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 2

–

    

Pinaceae

     

Larixsp.

Larix

–14.5

16.1

  

Piceasect. Picea

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp. 2 Diploxylon

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Pseudotsugasp.

Pseudotsuga

–3.9

24.8

  

Tsugasp. 1

Tsuga diversifolia

6.2

17.2

  

Tsugasp. 2

Tsuga

1.8

21.9

  

Sciadopityaceae

     

Sciadopityssp.

Sciadopitys verticillata

7.4

16.6

  

Apiaceae

     

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Aquifoliaceae

     

Ilexsp. 2

Ilex aquifolium

7.2

18.2 22.4  } 22.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.2 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 22.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

7.2

22.4

 

Ilex opaca

7.4

 

Ilex decidua

11.1

Asteraceae

     

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.1 22.4  } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Betula cristata

Betual lenta

1.9

17.1 13.5  } 12.5

–5.5

17.1

 

Betula maximowicziana

3.1

 

Betula papyrifera

–5.5

cf. Carpinus

Carpinus betulus

4.3

15.5 28.2 } 16.5\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.5 \hfill \\ 28.2 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.5

28.2

 

Carpinus caroliniana

2.5

 

Carpinus cordata

3

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.4 19.4 18.3  } 16.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13.4 \hfill \\ 19.4 \hfill \\ 18.3 \hfill \\ 20 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.3

20

 

Calycanthus floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Cornaceae

     

Cornussp.

Cornus florida

5.5

22 } 19.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 22 \hfill \\ 19.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–8.7

22

 

Cornus alba

–8.7

Ericaceae

     

Rhododendronsp. 2

Rhododendron maximum

4.6

17.5

  

Fagaceae

     

Fagus gussonii

Fagus sylvatica

5.9

15.7 } 16.7\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.7 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.9

16.7

 

Fagus longipetiolata

6

Quercusinfrageneric group Quercussp. 1

Quercus robur

3.3

15

  

Juglandaceae

     

Cyclocaryasp.

Cyclocarya paliurus

3.5

20.5

  

Pterocaryasp.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia

8.1

18.1 } 19.8\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.1 \hfill \\ 19.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

2.5

19.8

 

Pterocarya macrocarpa

2.5

Myricaceae

     

Myricasp.

Myrica gale

0.6

14.2 } 16.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.2 \hfill \\ 16.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

0.6

16.1

 

Myrica pensylvanica

1.4

Poaceae

     

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae

     

Thalictrumsp. 2

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitar

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Salicaceae

     

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 } 23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Sapindaceae

     

Acer crenatifoliumsubsp. islandicum

Acer rubrum

–1.1

23.8

  

Acer askelssonii

Acersaccharum

–1.1

15.8 } 15\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.8 \hfill \\ 15 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–1.1

17.5

 

Acer platanoides

2

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

  

Ulmaceae

     

Ulmussection Ulmussp.

Ulmus

–1.2

24.3

  

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Dicotylophyllumsp. D

–

–

–

  

Dicotylophyllumsp. E

     

Angiosperm fam. et gen. indet. A

–

–

–

  

Hreðavatn-Stafholt Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low ºC

MAT high ºC

  

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen.et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Polypodiaceae gen.et spec. indet. 6

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 1

–

    

Pinaceae

     

Abies steenstrupiana

Abies

–6.7

27.4

  

Larixsp.

Larix

–14.5

16.1

  

Piceasect. Picea

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp.

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Pseudotsugasp.

Pseudotsuga

–3.9

24.8

  

Tsugasp.

Tsuga

1.8

21.9

  

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.4 22.4 } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Betula cristata

Betula maximowicziana

3.1

13.5 } 12.5

–5.5

13.5

 

Betula papyrifera

–5.5

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.4 19.4 } 18.3 20\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13.4 \hfill \\ 19.4 \hfill \\ 18.3 \hfill \\ 20 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.3

20

 

Calycanthus floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Caryophyllaceae

     

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Ceratophyllaceae

     

Ceratophyllumsp.

Ceratophyllum

Cosmopolitan

  

Cyperaceae

     

Cyperaceae gen. et spec. indet. B

Cyperaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Ericaceae

     

Rhododendronaff. ponticum

Rhododendron ponticum

4.1

18.3

  

Fagaceae

     

Fagus gussonii

Fagus sylvatica

5.9

15.7 16.7 }\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.7 \hfill \\ 16.7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.9

16.7

 

Fagus longipetiolata

6

Juglandaceae

     

cf. Cyclocaryasp.

Cyclocarya paliurus

3.5

20.5

  

Poaceae

     

Phragmitessp.

Phragmites

Cosmopolitan

  

Polygonaceae

     

Persicariasp. aff. P. amphibia

Persicaria amphibia

Northern hemisphere

  

Rosaceae

     

aff. Sorbussp. (‘S. ariatype’)

Sorbus aria

3

14.7

  

Rosaceae gen. et. spec. indet. A

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Salicaceae

     

Populussp. B

Populus

–6.7

26

  

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 23.2 } 23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9.0

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Salixsp. A

Salix

–9.0

Sapindaceae

     

Acer askelssonii

Acer saccharum

–1.1

15.8 } 15\(\left. \begin{gathered} 15.8 \hfill \\ 15 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–1.1

15.8

 

Acer platanoides

2

Scrophulariaceae

     

aff. Euphrasiavel Melampyrumsp.

Euphrasia, Melampyrum

Cosmopolitan

  

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracetron sinense

2.2

19

  

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

–

–

–

  

Angiosperm fam. gen. et spec. indet. B

–

–

–

  

Fnjóskadalur Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Bryophyta

     

Sphagnumsp.

Sphagnum

Cosmopolitan

   

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

   

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodium

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 2

–

    

Pinaceae

     

Abies steenstrupiana

Abies

–6.7

27.4

  

Cathayasp.

Cathaya argyrophylla

9.3

18.6

  

Piceasect. Picea

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp. 2

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Pseudotsuga/Larixsp.

Pseudotsuga/Larix

–14.5

21.7

  

Sciadopityaceae

     

Sciadopityssp.

Sciadopitys verticillata

7.4

16.6

  

Apiaceae

     

Apiaceae gen. et. spec indet. 1

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae

     

Artemisiasp. 1

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Artemisiasp. 2

     

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

     

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

     

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.4 22.4 } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Betula cristata

Betula maximowicziana

3.1

13.5 12.5 } 16.9

–5.5

13.5

 

Betula papyrifera

–5.5

Betulasp. A (section Betulaster)

Betula luminifera

1.4

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.4 19.4 18.3 } 20\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13.4 \hfill \\ 19.4 \hfill \\ 18.3 \hfill \\ 20 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.3

20

 

Calycanths floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Caryophyllaceae

     

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae

     

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Fagaceae

     

Quercusinfrageneric group Quercussp. 2

Quercus rubra

–1.1

19.4

  

Haloragidaceae

     

Myriophyllumsp.

Myriophyllum

Cosmopolitan

   

Liliaceae

     

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Liliaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Menyanthaceae

     

Menyanthessp.

Menyanthes trifoliata

Northern temperate and circumpolar

   

Nymphaceae

     

Nupharsp.

Nuphar

Temperate northern hemisphere

   

Plantaginaceae

     

aff. Plantago lanceolata

Plantago lanceolata

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae

     

Phragmitessp.

Phragmites

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poales

     

Poales fam., gen. et spec. indet.

Poales

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonaceae

     

Polygonum viviparum

Polygonum viviparum

Circumpolar

   

Ranunculaceae

     

Ranunculussp. 1

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculussp. 2

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Thalictrumsp. 1

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

   

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 10

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 11

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

Salicaceae

   

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

23.2

Salixsp. A

Salix

–9

23.2

Sparganiaceae

   

Sparganiumsp.

Sparganium

Cosmopolitan

Trochodendraceae

   

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

Valerianaceae

   

aff. Valerianasp.

Valeriana

Cosmopolitan

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

   

Pollen type 21

–

–

–

Pollen type 22

–

–

–

Pollen type 23

–

–

–

Tjörnes beds TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low ºC

MAT high ºC

  

Bryophyta

     

Sphagnumsp.

Sphagnum

Cosmopolitan

  

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

  

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiellasp.

Lycopodiella

Cosmopolitan

  

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

  

aff. Huperziasp.

Huperzia

Cosmopolitan

  

Lycopodiaceae gen. et. spec. indet. 1

Lycopodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Selaginellaceae

     

Selaginellasp.

Selaginella

Cosmopolitan

  

Osmundaceae

     

Osmundasp.

Osmunda regalia

3.2

23.9

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiumsp. 1

Polypodium

Cosmopolitan

  

Polypodiaceae gen. et. spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 3

–

–

–

  

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 4

–

–

–

  

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et. spec. indet. 5

–

–

–

  

Monolete spore, fam., gen. spec. indet. 3

–

–

–

  

Monolete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 4

–

–

–

  

Pinaceae

     

Abiessp. 2

Abies

–6.7

27.4

  

Piceasp.

Picea

–8.9

21.7

  

Pinussp. 2

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Larixsp.

Larix

–14.5

16.1

  

Tsugasp. 1

Tsuga

1.8

21.9

  

Sciadopityaceae

     

Sciadopityssp.

Sciadopitys verticillata

7.4

16.6

  

Apiaceae

     

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Aquifoliaceae

     

Ilexsp. 1

Ilex aquifolium

7.2

18.2 22.4 } 22.1\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.2 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 22.1 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

7.2

22.4

 

Ilex opaca

7.4

 

Ilex decidua

11.1

Araceae

     

aff. Arumsp.

Arum

Northern hemispheric

  

Asteraceae

     

Cirsiumsp.

     

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Betulaceae

     

Alnus cecropiifolia

Alnus glutinosa

–3.3

17.4 22.4 } 16.3\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.4 \hfill \\ 22.4 \hfill \\ 16.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–3.3

22.4

 

Alnus nitida

5.6

 

Alnus rhombifolia

0

Alnusaff. viridis

Alnus viridis

Temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere

Betulasp.

Betula

    

Calycanthaceae

     

aff. Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus chinensis

11.5

13.4 19.4 } 18.3 20\(\left. \begin{gathered} 13.4 \hfill \\ 19.4 \hfill \\ 18.3 \hfill \\ 20 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

5.3

20

 

Calycanthus floridus

8.7

 

Calycanthus occidentalis

5.3

 

Chimonanthusspp.

7

Campanulaceae

     

Campanulasp.

Campanula

Northern hemispheric

  

Caryophyllaceae

     

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Chenopodiaceae

     

aff. Chenopodiumsp.

Chenopodium

Cosmopolitan

  

Cyperaceae

     

Carexsp.

Carex

Cosmopolitan

  

Kobresiasp.

Kobresia

Northern hemisphere high mountain areas

Ericaceae

     

Rhododendronaff. ponticum

Rhododendron ponticum

4.1

18.3

  

Rhododendronsp. 2

Rhododendron maximum

4.6

17.5

  

Vacciniumcf. uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum

Temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Euphorbiaceae

     

Euphorbiasp.

Euphorbia cyparissias

1

11.1

  

Fagaceae

     

Trigonobalanopsissp.

Extinct genus

    

Juglandaceae

     

Pterocaryasp.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia

8.1

18.1 }19.8\(\left. \begin{gathered} 18.1 \hfill \\ 19.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–1.9

19.8

 

Pterocarya macroptera

–1.9

Haloragidaceae

     

Myriophyllumsp.

Myriophyllum

Cosmopolitan

   

Liliaceae

     

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Liliaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Menyanthaceae

     

Menyanthessp.

Menyanthes trifoliata

Northern temperate and circumpolar

   

Myricaceae

     

Myricasp.

Myrica gale

0.6

14.2

  

Onagraceae

     

Epilobiumsp.

Epilobium

Cosmopolitan

   

Plantaginaceae

     

Plantago coronopus

Plantago coronopus

Sahara to Scandinavia and the Faeroe

   

Poaceae

 

Islands, edaphically controlled

   

Phragmitessp.

Phargmites

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonaceae

     

Rumexsp.

Rumex

Northern hemisphere

   

Persicariasp. aff. P. amphibia

Persicaria amphibia

Northern hemisphere

   

Polygonum viviparum

Polygonum viviparum

Circumpolar

   

Potamogetonaceae

     

Potamogetonsp.

Potamogeton

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae

     

Ranunculussp. 1

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculussp. 2

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Thalictrumsp. 2

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

     

Filipendulasp.

Filipendula

Northern temperate

   

Fragariasp. 1

Fragaria

Cosmopolitan

  

Fragariasp. 2

     

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

  

Sorbusaff. aucuparia

Sorbus aucuparia

–2.1

14.7 15.7 } 9.8\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.7 \hfill \\ 15.7 \hfill \\ 9.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–6.2

15.7

 

Sorbus americana

–15.1

 

Sorbus decora

–6.2

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 11

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 12

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

  

Salicaceae

     

Salix gruberi

Salix caprea

–9

17.8 } 23.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 17.8 \hfill \\ 23.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–9

23.2

 

Salix scouleriana

–5.6

Salixsp. B (‘S. arctica’ type)

Salix arctica

–18.2

5.5 } 8.5\(\left. \begin{gathered} 5.5 \hfill \\ 8.5 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–18.2

8.5

 

Salix lanata

–7.3

Salixsp. 4

Salix caprea

–9

17.8

Sapindaceae

     

Acersp. 1

Acer saccharum

–1.1

15.8

  

Acersp. 2

Acer rubrum

–1.1

23.8

  

Sparganiaceae

     

Sparganiumsp.

Sparganium

Cosmopolitan

  

Trochodendraceae

     

Tetracentron atlanticum

Tetracentron sinense

2.2

19

  

Valerianaceae

     

aff. Valerianasp.

Valeriana

Cosmopolitan

  

Viscaceae

     

Viscumaff. album

Viscum album

5.2

17.4

  

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Monocotyledonae fam.et gen. indet. 1

–

–

–

  

Angiosperm fam. gen. et spec. indet. C

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 24

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 25

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 26

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 27

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 28

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 29

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 30

–

–

–

  

Viðidalur Formation

TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

Bryophyta

  

Sphagnumsp.

Sphagnum

Cosmopolitan

Lycopodiaceae

  

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

aff. Huperziasp.

Huperzia

Cosmopolitan

Osmundaceae

  

Osmundasp.

Osmunda regalis

3.2

23.9

Polypodiaceae

  

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

Incertae sedis - unassigned spores

  

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 6

-

 

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 7

-

 

Pinaceae

  

Pinussp. 2 Diploxylon

Pinus

-9.2

25.5

Asteraceae

   

Artemisiasp. 1

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

Betulaceae

  

Alnusaff. viridis

Alnus viridis

-12.4\(\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\begin{array}{*{20}c} \, \,\,{ - 12.3} \hfill & {12.3} \hfill \\\end{array}} \hfill \\ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\left. {\begin{array}{*{20}c} { - 12.4} \hfill & {14.3} \hfill \\ { - 2.3} \hfill & {14.2} \hfill \\\end{array}} \right\}} \hfill & { - 12.4} \hfill & {14.3} \hfill \\\end{array}} \hfill \\\end{array}\)

12.3

 

Betula nanax pubescens

Betula nana

Betula pubescens

-12.4

-2.3

14.3 }

14.2

12.4 14.3

Caryophyllaceae

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

Cyperaceae

  

Kobresiasp.

Kobresia

Northern hemisphere high mountains

Ericaceae

  

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

Vacciniumcf. uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum

Temperate, subarctic n. hemisphere

Menyanthaceae

  

Menyanthessp.

Menyanthes

Cosmopolitan

Myricaceae

  

Myricasp.

Myrica gale

-1.5

12.3

 

Polygonaceae

  

Plygonumsect. Aconogononsp.

Polygonum

Cosmopolitan

Polygonum viviparum

Polygonum viviparum

Northern hemisphere

Rumexsp.

Rumex

Northern hemisphere

Ranunculaceae

  

Ranunculussp. 3

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

Thalictrumsp. 2

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitan

Trolliussp.

Trollius europaeus

-2.3

12.2

 

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

Rosaceae

  

Dryas octopetala

Dryas octopetala

Arctic-Alpine, northern hemisphere

Fragariasp. 1

Fragaria

Cosmopolitan

Sanguisorbasp.

Sanguisorba officinalis

1.4

15.8

 

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 13

Rosaceae

Cosmopolitan

Salicaceae

  

Salixsp. B (‘S. arctica’ type)

Salix arctica

Salix lanata

-18.2 -7.3

5.5 } 8.5

-18.2 8.5

Saxifragaceae

  

Saxifragasp.

Saxifraga

Arctic-Alpine

Incertae sedis - Magnoliophyta

  

Pollen type 28

-

 

Búlandshöfði Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low °C

MAT high °C

  

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

aff. Huperziasp.

Huperzia

Cosmopolitan

   

Lycopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Lycopodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Osmundaceae

     

Osmundasp.

Osmunda regalis

3.2

23.9

  

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 6

–

    

Pinaceae

     

Pinussp. 2 Diploxylon

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Asteraceae

     

Artemisiasp. 1

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 9

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 10

Asteraceae

Cosmopotian

   

Betulaceae

     

Alnussp. 3

Alnus viridis

–12.4

12.3

  

Betulasp. 1

Betula nana

–12.4

14.3 } 14.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.3 \hfill \\ 14.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–12.4

14.3

 

Betula pubescens

–2.3

Caryophyllaceae

     

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 9

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. 10

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Empetraceae

     

Empetrum nigrum

Empetrum nigrum

–12.4

8.2

  

Ericaceae

     

Vacciniumcf. uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum

Temperate, subarctic n. hemisphere

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Euphorbiaceae

     

Mercurialis perennis

Mercurialis perennis

2.7

17.6

  

Onagraceae

     

Onagraceae gen. et spec. indet.

Onagraceae

    

Plantaginaceae

     

Plantago coronopus

Plantago coronopus

Sahara to Scandinavia, Faeroe Islands

   

Poaceae

     

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poales

     

Poales gen. et spec. indet.

Poales

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonaceae

     

Polygonum aviculare

Polygonum aviculare

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonum viviparum

Polygonum viviparum

Circumpolar

   

Rumexsp.

     

Ranunculaceae

     

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

     

Potentillasp. A

Potentilla

Northern hemisphere

   

Salicaceae

     

Salixsp. B (‘S. arctica’type)

Salix arctica

–18.2

5.5 } 8.5\(\left. \begin{gathered} 5.5 \hfill \\ 8.5 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–18.2

8.5

 

Salix lanata

–7.3

Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea

–12.2

7.2

  

Valerianaceae

     

Valerianasp.

Valeriana officinalis

1.3

14.7

  

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Monocotyledonae fam. et gen. indet. 2

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 28

–

–

–

  

Pollen type 31

–

–

–

  

Svínafellsfjall Formation TAXA

Potential modern analogue

MAT low

MAT high

  

Bryophytes

     

Sphagnumsp.

Sphagnum

Cosmopolitan

   

Equisetaceae

     

Equisetumsp.

Equisetum

Cosmopolitan

   

Lycopodiaceae

     

Lycopodiumsp.

Lycopodium

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae

     

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. A

Polypodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Thelipteridaceae

     

Thelipteris limbosperma

Thelipteris limbosperma

0.7

7.2

  

Incertae sedis – unassigned spores

     

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 8

–

–

–

  

Pinaceae

     

Pinussp. 2 Diploxylon

Pinus

–9.2

25.5

  

Apiaceae

     

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Apiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae

     

Artemisiasp. 1

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Artemisiasp. 2

Artemisia

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 8

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 11

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. 12

Asteraceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Betulaceae

     

Alnuscf. viridis

Alnus viridis

–12.4

12.3

  

Betulasp. 1

Betula nana

–12.4

14.3 } 14.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.3 \hfill \\ 14.2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–12.4

14.3

 

Betula pubescens

–2.3

Chenopodiaceae

     

Chenopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2

Chenopodiaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Cyperaceae

     

Cyperaceae gen. et spec. indet. C

Cyperaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae

     

Vacciniumcf. uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum

Temperate, subarctic northern hemisphere

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. 9

Ericaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Menyanthaceae

     

Menyanthessp.

Menyanthes

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae

     

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 4

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 6

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Poaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Poales

     

Poales fam. gen. et spec. indet.

Poales

Cosmopolitan

   

Polygonaceae

     

Polygonum viviparum

Polygonum viviparum

Circumpolar

   

Rumexsp.

Rumex

Northern hemisphere

   

Ranunculaceae

     

Thalictrumsp. 1

Thalictrum

Cosmopolitan

   

Thalictrumsp. 2

     

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. 7

Ranunculaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Ranunculussp. A

Ranunculus

Cosmopolitan

   

Rosaceae

     

Alchemillasp.

Alchemilla vulgaris

1.5

14.2

  

Dryas octopetala

Dryas octopetala

Arctic-Alpine, northern hemisphere

  

Sorbusaff. aucuparia

Sorbus aucuparia

–2.1

14.7 15.7 } 9.8\(\left. \begin{gathered} 14.7 \hfill \\ 15.7 \hfill \\ 9.8 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–6.2

15.7

 

Sorbus americana

–5.1

 

Sorbus decora

–6.2

Rubiaceae

     

Galiumsp.

Galium

Cosmopolitan

   

Salicaceae

     

Salixsp. B (‘S.arctica’ type)

Salix arctica

–18.2

5.5 8.5 } 7.2\(\left. \begin{gathered} 5.5 \hfill \\ 8.5 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}\)

–18.2

8.5

 

Salix lanata

–7.3

Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea

–12.2

7.2

  

Scrophulariaceae

 

Cosmopolitan

   

Scrophulariaceae gen. et spec. indet.

Scrophulariaceae

Cosmopolitan

   

Incertae sedis – Magnoliophyta

     

Pollen type 32

–

–

–

  

Appendix 13.2

Maps of Köppen-Geiger climate types for North America, western Eurasia, and Central and East Asia (from Kottek et al. 2006)

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Denk, T., Grímsson, F., Zetter, R., Símonarson, L.A. (2011). Climate Evolution in the Northern North Atlantic – 15 Ma to Present. In: Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Topics in Geobiology, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0372-8_13

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