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Liver Metastasis: Biology and Clinical Management pp 307–351Cite as

Imaging of Hepatic Metastases

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Part of the book series: Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment ((CMBT,volume 16))

Abstract

Both benign and malignant focal liver lesions are common occurrences and imaging the liver for focal lesions especially in cancer patients is one of the most frequent tasks in everyday radiological practice. Metastasis from other organs is the most common liver malignancy, so familiarity with appearances of liver metastases and knowledge of the best imaging tool is a necessity. In this chapter we provide detailed information on the choice of imaging modalities available for imaging liver metastases, describe liver metastases as they appear using these modalities, and highlight the preferred imaging techniques in different clinical scenarios. Recent advances in imaging of liver metastases including new MRI contrast agents, contrast enhanced ultrasound and PET/CT are described and discussed in detail. Imaging is increasingly being used as a problem solving tool for the clinical team and a better understanding of the imaging capabilities presently available is essential for improving patient care and providing personalized medicine for the cancer patient.

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Abbreviations

IVC:

inferior vena cava

CT:

computed tomography

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

US:

ultrasound

FLL’s:

focal liver lesions

THI:

tissue harmonic imaging

IOUS:

intraoperative ultrasound

PRF:

pulse repetition frequency

CEUS:

contrast-enhanced ultrasound

PIM:

phase inversion mode

PPI:

power pulse inversion

CPS:

contrast pulse sequences

CEIOUS:

contrast enhanced intraoperative ultrasound

EFSUMB:

European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology

FNH:

focal nodular hyperplasia

HCC:

hepatocellular carcinoma

MDCT:

multi-detector row CT

GIST:

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

RF:

radiofrequency

RECIST:

Response Evaluation Criteria in solid tumors

NCCTG:

North Central Cancer Treatment Group

NSABP:

National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project

SSFP:

steady-state free precision

FIESTA:

fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition

bFFFE:

balanced fast-field echo

True FISP:

true fast imaging with steady precision

True SSFP:

true steady-state free precision

Gd-BOPTA:

gadobenate dimeglumine benzyloxypropionctetraacetate

SNR:

signal to noise ratio

CNR:

contrast to noise ratio

3D:

three dimensional

THID:

transient hepatic intensity difference

SAR:

specific absorption rate

Gd-DTPA:

gadopentetate dimeglumine

Gd-DOTA:

gadolinium-tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid

Gd-DTPA-BMA:

gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid bis

Gd-HP-DO3A:

gadolinium hydroxypropyl tetraazacyclododecane

RES:

reticuloendothelial system

SPIO:

superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide

DWI:

diffusion-weighted MR imaging

PET:

positron emission tomography

BGO:

bismuth germinate

LSO:

lutetium oxyorthosilicate

GSO:

gadolinium silicate

SUV:

standardized uptake value

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ms. Ruth Ramadeen, executive research secretary, Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Center for her help in the preparation of the manuscript. Dr. El-Khodary wishes to thank his lovely wife Marwa, daughter Zeina and son Aly.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Mohamed El Khodary

  2. Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Laurent Milot

  3. Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Caroline Reinhold

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  1. Mohamed El Khodary
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  2. Laurent Milot
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  3. Caroline Reinhold
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Correspondence to Mohamed El Khodary .

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  1. Royal Victoria Hospital, Division of Surgical Research, McGill University Health Centre, Pine Ave W. 687, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Québec, Canada

    Pnina Brodt

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El Khodary, M., Milot, L., Reinhold, C. (2011). Imaging of Hepatic Metastases. In: Brodt, P. (eds) Liver Metastasis: Biology and Clinical Management. Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0292-9_11

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