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Sialogenins and Immunomodulators Derived from Blood Feeding Parasites

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Toxins and Hemostasis

Abstract

Several molecules and cell types constitute the innate or “natural” and the acquired or “adaptive” arms of the immune response. The innate arm represents the first line of host defense while the acquired arm develops upon recurring contact with the parasites and promotes long-lasting responses and immunological memory. When attempting to intake a blood meal, hematophagous parasites may face the immune system of their vertebrate hosts. In order to counteract the host immune protective barriers and facilitate their feeding, these organisms developed, throughout the evolutionary process, a salivary cocktail with an arsenal of molecules containing several immunomodulatory properties. Advances in biochemical techniques and molecular biology tools made the genome sequencing and the development of sialome catalogs possible, allowing the identification and study of each salivary component. In consequence, an increasing number of immunologists and immunoparasitologists are now focusing their efforts on unveiling the biological role of these molecules and contributing to the creation of a database representing the salivary “immunome” of blood feeding organisms. Thus, the present chapter illustrates the current knowledge of proteins, here termed “sialogenins” (from the Greek sialo: saliva; gen: origin; in: protein), and nonprotein constituents present in the salivary secretion employed by bloodsucking ectoparasites to circumvent such effector mechanisms of host immunity. Also presented is an updated list of complement system and chemokine inhibitors, histamine- and immunoglobulin-binding proteins, and modulators of host cell activation and function described in saliva or salivary gland extract of hematophagous ectoparasites.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health and by grants from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). We thank NIAID intramural editor Brenda Rae Marshall for assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508 900, Brazil

    Anderson Sá-Nunes

  2. Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852-8132, USA

    Carlo José Freire de Oliveira

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil

    Carlo José Freire de Oliveira

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  1. Anderson Sá-Nunes
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  2. Carlo José Freire de Oliveira
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Correspondence to Anderson Sá-Nunes .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4 14, Singapore, 117543, Singapore

    R. Manjunatha Kini

  2. , Department of Haematology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland

    Kenneth J Clemetson

  3. , Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus/9270, Los Angeles, 90089, USA

    Francis S. Markland

  4. , Medical Technology, University of Delaware, 305G Willard Hall Educ Bld, Newark, 19716, Delaware, USA

    Mary Ann McLane

  5. , Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Nishio Kiyose 2-522-1, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan

    Takashi Morita

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Sá-Nunes, A., de Oliveira, C.J.F. (2010). Sialogenins and Immunomodulators Derived from Blood Feeding Parasites. In: Kini, R., Clemetson, K., Markland, F., McLane, M., Morita, T. (eds) Toxins and Hemostasis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9295-3_9

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