Abstract
Dr. Lester Embree has done much to advance phenomenology through his many presentations and publications, but his greatest contribution lies in his worldwide promotion of the tradition through the organization of phenomenologists through meetings, groups, and volumes. A brief history of some of Embree’s key involvements in this regard demonstrates this. Even before he had earned his Ph.D. from the New School for Social Research in 1972, Embree was already involved in founding an important North American based but internationally comprised phenomenological organization, the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology, Inc. (CARP), in 1971. Just two years later he would organize his first symposium, notably in memory of his dissertation advisor Aron Gurwitsch, the papers of which were prepared by Embree into a volume and published. The success of these two projects would encourage many more organizations, meetings, and volumes.
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Notes
- 1.
He has 144 presentations recorded in his current C.V. of which two-thirds are outside of North America; he has edited or coedited at least 33 volumes; he has published at least 208 articles, editions, introductions, and translations; and he has produced three books, one of which is now available in eight languages.
- 2.
Alluding to John Donne’s 17th Meditation.
- 3.
Gurwitsch (1929), p. 186. Here Gurwitsch writes: “Element is added to element, their relatedness consists exclusively in their co-existence.… Since the elements are simply juxtaposed to one another, their totality simply presents a sum; an adequate noematic description would have to be no more than an enumeration: this and this and that, etc. In the enumeration, the elements stand side by side as equipollent items, connected to one another solely by an ‘and.’”
- 4.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 123.
- 5.
Ibid., p. 74.
- 6.
See Koffka (1935), pp. 25–27 for an explanation of the molar/molecular distinction. Koffka applies this distinction to the problem of behaviorism claiming that the behaviorists have a molecular orientation. He then draws out some of the problems of this orientation.
- 7.
See Wertheimer (1922), p. 1, and (1925), p. 2. See also Descartes’s Rules for the Direction of the Mind, specifically Rules V and VI. This is clearly Descartes’s method and, other than his effective mathematicization of nature, should be considered his “contribution” to the scientific method; analyze complexities down to their “simple natures” and then by synthesis reconstruct the whole, but now with clarity and distinctness. “Contribution” is not meant in the positive sense. From the gestaltist standpoint, both the reduction to elements and the relentless mathematicization of nature are negative and considered to be the great errors of modern science. In physics this can be seen as the push to discover the atoms, meant in the etymological sense of indivisible or smallest part, from which everything else is composed; somehow the relationships and properties of these things must translate into and explain everyday reality.
- 8.
Gurwitsch (1929), p. 259.
- 9.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 144. This discussion continues pp. 147–148.
- 10.
Gurwitsch (1929), p. 186; see also (1959), p. 344.
- 11.
See Farber (1943), pp. 74–75.
- 12.
Gurwitsch extends such examples to also include a much wider range of phenomena including spatial examples such objects spatially distributed in some way in the visual field, i.e., a checkerboard pattern, and rhythmic examples in aural sensation. (1957), pp. 71–72.
- 13.
Husserl rules out time as a necessary moment of pluralities in the second chapter of his Philosophy of Arithmentic (1891).
- 14.
Ehrenfels published “On Gestalt Qualities” in 1890 and Husserl published Philosophy of Arithmetic in 1891 in which he discusses figural moments at length. Gurwitsch translates Husserl’s figurale Momente as “figural factors.” See Gurwitsch (1949), p. 362 note 8: “we wish … to point out that the phenomena referred to by Husserl are the same which C. von Ehrenfels studied in his important article, ‘Über Gestaltqualitäten’”; see also (1957), p. 71. Husserl himself writes: “These ‘moments of unity’ are of course the same as the contents called ‘form qualities’ by von Ehrenfels, ‘figural’ moments by myself, and ‘founded contents’ by Meinong.” (1901), III, §4. Gurwitsch discusses figural moments to some length in the following texts: (1929) pp. 252–253; (1936) 9–10; (1949) pp. 361–362; and (1957) pp. 71–84.
- 15.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 75.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Gurwitsch discusses fusion in (1929), pp. 257–258; (1936), p. 10; and (1957), pp. 78–84.
- 18.
Husserl writes in his forward to the second edition of the Logical Investigations of the importance of the third Investigation: “I have the impression that this Investigation is all too little read. I myself derived great help from it: it is also an essential presupposition for the full understanding of the Investigations which follow.” (1913c, p. 49). Following this latter statement, we could also say that such is for the full understanding of phenomenology, which is certainly the implication. This helps to give us a sense of the importance of whole-part theory for phenomenology in general, which was also described at the beginning of this part above. See Sokolowski (1977) for an excellent and concise discussion of how the logic of wholes and parts plays out in the rest of the Logical Investigations and, thereby, phenomenology in general.
- 19.
Husserl (1913c), III, §1.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Husserl uses the terminology of independence and dependence, but it also needs to be pointed out that he introduces the terms “pieces” and “moments” respectively to stand for independent and dependent parts. For simplicity’s sake, I will in each case qualify parts as independent or dependent and avoid the latter terminology. It should also be pointed out that Findlay’s translation of the German is very uncomfortable in English. He translates Unselbständigkeit as “non-independence” and Abhängigkeit for “dependence.” Instead of non-independence, I will also use dependence in such cases for clarity of expression and understanding.
- 22.
Husserl (1913c), III, §2. “Where one talks of ‘parts’ without qualification, one generally has the independent parts (those referred to as ‘pieces’) in mind.”
- 23.
Husserl (1913c), III, §5.
- 24.
Husserl (1913c), III, §2.
- 25.
It is interesting to point out that the method of imaginative variation is consistently employed in discerning the laws of the combinations of various parts and wholes.
- 26.
Husserl (1913c), III, §7. The author’s emphasis has been removed, the American spelling of color is substituted for the British “colour,” and Species has been decapitalized.
- 27.
Husserl (1913c), III, §16. Husserl uses the terminology of “one-sided” rather than asymmetrical, which I will employ.
- 28.
Ibid., §17.
- 29.
Relative independence and dependence are discussed in §13.
- 30.
Ibid., §16 and §18.
- 31.
Ibid., §22.
- 32.
Husserl defines association in the following way: “If a law of essence means that an A cannot as such exist except in a more comprehensive unity which associates it with an M, we say that an A as such requires foundation by an M or also that an A as such needs to be supplemented by an M. If accordingly A 0, M 0 are determinate instances of the pure kinds A or M, actualized in a single whole, and standing in the relations mentioned, we say that A 0 is founded upon M 0, and that it is exclusively founded on M 0, if A 0’s need for supplementation is satisfied by M 0 alone.” Husserl (1913c), III, §14.
- 33.
Ibid., §21.
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Ibid., §9, emphasis added. It is interesting to point out that the only discussion of fusion occurs in this section.
- 36.
It is interesting that Sokolowski (1977) declares that the organization of independent parts into wholes is not philosophically interesting. “Pieces [independent parts] and their relationships to wholes are not very important philosophically. Their greatest value is that they serve as a foil, as a contrary, polar concept allowing the concept of moment to be established.” p. 98.
- 37.
Husserl (1913c), III, §21.
- 38.
Ibid., §22. The point of an infinite regress engendered by thinking of foundation as yet another part of the whole is explored here.
- 39.
Ibid.
- 40.
Ibid., III, §23.
- 41.
Ibid. In addition, Sokolowski (1974) describes such in the following way: “The unity of an aggregate comes about in consequence of an act of collecting; it is correlated to an act of thinking in which several independent things are gathered into a categorial whole. But a whole which gives rise to pieces is originally given as a perceptual and continuous whole; its parts … are contained in it and only subsequently separated out.” p. 10.
- 42.
Gurwitsch (1927), p. 260. There he writes: “with the [Husserl’s] rejection of the interpretation of the situation [i.e., the formation of wholes] in a summative sense, the Gestalt thesis is already anticipated.”
- 43.
Figural moments are referred to in §4 in a discussion of Stumpf’s examples of the combination of dependent parts. Fusion is discussed in §9 in terms of the mutual penetration of dependent parts.
- 44.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 145.
- 45.
Ibid., p. 83.
- 46.
Husserl (1913c), III, §3. Emphasis added.
- 47.
Ibid., §5. Emphasis added. For more on independent parts and their strict identity, see Husserl’s Philosophy of Arithmetic as well, p. 231. Gurwitsch summarizes Husserl’s doctrine of independent parts with stress to the strict identity of these in Gurwitsch (1927), pp. 258–259.
- 48.
Gurwitsch (1957), pp. 68–69.
- 49.
Ibid., pp. 81–82.
- 50.
Husserl (1913c), III, §3. Emphasis added.
- 51.
Gurwitsch (1927), pp. 260–261. Emphasis added.
- 52.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 114.
- 53.
Gurwitsch (1927), p. 241. Gurwitsch does not declare how many lines there are, just a row of them. These and more concrete, experiential, or experimental examples and evidence are available in Gurwitsch (1957), p. 117ff.
- 54.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 114.
- 55.
Gurwitsch (1927), p. 241f. My emphasis. Wertheimer writes: “To sever a ‘part’ from the organized whole in which it occurs – whether it itself be a subsidiary whole or an ‘element’ – is a very real process usually involving alterations in that ‘part.’” (1922), p. 53.
- 56.
Ibid., p. 242.
- 57.
Gurwitsch employs the example of a rectangle in order to explain general Gestalt theory of whole-part relations. See Gurwitsch (1936), pp. 24–26.
- 58.
Ibid., p. 260. Author’s emphasis; see also (1957), pp. 145–146: “Gestalt theory denies this independence.”
- 59.
Gurwitsch (1927), pp. 261–262.
- 60.
There is an insightful discussion of relevancy as terminology between Gurwitsch and Schutz in Grathoff (1985), pp. 150–152. Schutz also employs relevancy, but in the sense of things being relative to or relevant for the ego. He believes this is yet a more general version of relevance of which Gurwitsch’s is a component part and for this reason urges Gurwitsch to instead adopt the term “pertinence” to be used in all places that Gurwitsch employs relevancy, which is advice that went unheeded. Embree himself defines three species of relevancy; see his (2004); Embree, (1977).
- 61.
Gurwitsch (1929), p. 260.
- 62.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 259.
- 63.
Ibid., p. 114. Further on in this section he writes: “It is not as though the constituent were determined first by certain nuclear properties … and then, in addition to, and on the basis of, its nuclear properties, were assuming a functional significance within the organizational contexture into which it is integrated.” (p. 116).
- 64.
As early as his dissertation (1929, pp. 206–209) Gurwitsch was discussing the idea of functional significance, but there he employed the terminology of “gestalt connection.”
- 65.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 119
- 66.
Ibid., pp. 115–116.
- 67.
Ibid., p. 132.
- 68.
Gurwitsch writes: “In describing and analyzing a part of a Gestalt-contexture, care must be taken not to lose sight of the very contexture. The part must be taken into consideration as it actually and concretely exists, that is, as it exists within the Gestalt-contexture. All those features and characters of the part must be properly allowed for, which the part derives from, and owes to, the contexture into which it is integrated.” (p. 122, my emphasis) Later on p. 132 he writes: “Every constituent of a Gestalt-contexture is relative … each refers to the other constituents of the same Gestalt-contexture which are qualified and defined by their own functional significance.”
- 69.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 135; see also (1959), pp. 122–123.
- 70.
Gurwitsch (1957), p. 134.
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Marcelle, D. (2010). Making the Case for Gestalt Organization: Edmund Husserl and Aron Gurwitsch on the Problem of Independent Parts. In: Nenon, T., Blosser, P. (eds) Advancing Phenomenology. Contributions To Phenomenology, vol 62. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9286-1_13
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