Abstract
The key arthropod pests in the citrus producing areas in Greece comprise the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii and the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri. Outbreaks of the whiteflies Aleurothrixus floccosus and Dialeurodes citri, the scales Ceroplastes rusci and Saissetia oleae as well as the Tetranychidae mites Panonychus citri and Tetranychus urticae and the Eriophyiidae mites Aculops pelekassi and Aceria sheldoni may occur locally. The citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, aphids (Aphis spiraecola, A. gossypii, Toxoptera aurantii) and thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Pezothrips kellyanus) are of minor importance. The problems due to major and minor citrus pests and control measures in Greece are reviewed and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies are recommended.
All authors contributed equally to this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexandrakis, V., Stathas, G., Lykouressis, D., & Michelakis, S. (2001). Integrated pest management of citrus insect pests (pp. 73–83). Proccedings 3rd National Meeting of Plant Protection, Plant Protection in Integrated Crop Production, 6–8 March 2001, Larisa-Greece.
Anagnostopoulos, P. T. (1939). Pests of fruit trees. Athens.
Argov, Y., & Rössler, Y. (1996). Introduction, release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies for biological control of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrela, in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 24, 33–38.
Anagnou-Veroniki, M. (1995). First record of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) on citrus groves of mainland and island Greece. Annales de l'Institut Phytopathologique Benaki, 17, 149–152.
Anagnou-Veroniki, M., Doukas, D., & Kontodimas, D. (2002). Data on phenology and parasitism of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Greece. VII European Congress of Entomology, October 7–13, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Anagnou-Veroniki, M., Volakakis, I., & Gianoulis, I. (1995). The citrus leafminer. A new insect pest in Greece. Georgia kai Ktenotrofia, 6, 10–15.
Anonymous (1973). Handbook for crop protection. Athens, Greece: Ministry of National Economics, Division of Agriculture.
Argyriou, L. C. (1969). Biological control of citrus in Greece (Vol. 2, pp. 817–822). Proceedings of the 1st International Citrus Symposium, March 1968, Riverside, CA.
Argyriou, L. C. (1986). Integrated pest control in citrus in Greece. In R. Cavalloro & E. D. Martins (Eds.), Proceedings of the Experts’ meeting. Acireale: Integrated pest control in citrus groves.
Athanassiou, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G., Tomanović, Ž., Tomanović, S., & Milutinović, M. (2005) Development of a sampling plan for Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) and its predator Macrolophus costalis Fieber (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tobacco. European Journal of Entomology, 102, 399–405.
Authorized Plant Protection Products Data Base of the Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food. (2008). http://www.minagric.gr/syspest/
Baker, G. J., Keller, M. A., Crisp, P., Jackman, D., Barbour, D., & Purvis, S. (2005). The biological of Kelly’s citrus thrips in Australia citrus orchards. Proceedings 15th International IFOAM Organic World Congress Shaping Sustainable Systems, Adelaide, Australia.
Beattie, G. A. C., & Smith, D. (1993). Citrus leafminer. Agfact H2.AE.4 (2nd ed., 6pp). NSW Agriculture, Australia: Orange.
Benfatto, D. (1984). Osservazioni sul controllo chimico dei fitofagi degli agrumi: Impiego di trappole a feromoni per il monitorragio di Archips rosanus L. e Prays citri Mill. Annali dell’Istituto Sperimentale per l’ Agrumicoltura, 17–18, 213–238.
Bouras, S. L., & Papadoulis, G. T. (2005). Influence of selected fruit tree pollen on life history of Euseius stipulatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 36, 1–14.
Broumas, T. (1994). The olive fruit fly. Review on biology and chemical control. Georgia Ktenotrofia, 3, 26–31.
Buchelos, C. T., Sueref, S. T., & Tsoka-Thanasoulopoulou, A. (1963). Observations on the biology of Prays citri (Millière). Annual Report of Plant Protection Research Station of Patra, 1963, 26.
Buchelos, C. T., & Foudoulakis, M. (2000). Evaluation of effectiveness of Insegar (fenoxycarb 250 g/kg) WP against Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lep., Gracillariidae) and its effect on Cales noacki How. (Hym., Aphelinidae). Anzeiger fur Schädlingskunde, 73, 19–21.
Calabretta, C., & Nucifora, A. (1985). Osservazioni sull’attacco ai fiori da Prays citri Mill. in areali della Sicilia orientale e considerazioni ulteriori sui metodi alternative di lotta. 2o contributo (pp. 347–354). Atti 14° Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Palermo, Italy.
Cavalloro, R., & Protta, R. (1983). Integrated control in citrus orchards: Sampling methodology for intervention against the principal phytophagous pests (63 pp). Proceedings E.C. Experts; meeting, October 1982, Siniscola-Muravera, Italy.
Conti, F., Tumminelli, R., Amico, C., Fisicaro, R., Raciti, E., Frittitta, et al. (2001). Il nuovo tripide degli agrumi Pezothrips kellyanus. Informatore Agrario, 49, 75–76.
Economopoulos, A. P., (1996). Control of citrus insect: The case of Mediterranean fruit fly (pp. 207–209). Proceeding 1st Hellenic Meeting for crop protection, Larisa, Greece.
Economopoulos, A. P., Papadopoulos, B., Mantzos, N., Mavrikakis, P., Dimakis, P., Dretakis, H., et al. (1996). Mediterranean fruit fly integrated control: Combination of genetic sexing sterilized males with lure and kill of wild flies. 20th International Congress of Entomology, Firenze, 25–31 August 1996 (abstract 22-059).
Emmanouel, N. G., & Papadoulis, G. T. (1987). Panonychus citri (MacGregor) (Tetranychidae) and Eriophyes medicaginis K. (Eriophyidae): Two important phytophagous mites recorded for the first time in Greece. Entomologia Hellenica, 5, 3–6.
Emmanouel, N. G., Papadoulis, G. T., Karkazi, A., & Papadima, K. (1994). Preliminary studies on Panonychus citri (McGregor) in citrus groves Co. Argolis (pp. 74–87). Proccedings of the IVth Hellenic Congress of Entomology, 14–17 October, 1991, Volos. Hellenic Entomological Society. EPPO (2004). Good plant protection practice-Citrus. EPPO Bulletin, 34, 43–56.
Garcia-Marí, F., Granda, C., Zaragoza, S., & Agusti, M. (2002). Impact of Phyllocnistis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on leaf area development and yield of mature citrus trees in the Mediterranean area. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 966–974.
Heath, R. R., Epsky, N. D., Midgarden, D., & Katsoyannos, B. I. (2004). Efficacy of 1,4- Diaminobutane (Putrescine) in a food-based synthetic attractant for capture of Mediterranean and Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1126–1131.
Hoy, M. A., NGuen, R., Hall, D., Bullock, R., Pomerinke, M., J. Peña, J., et al. (1995). Establishment of citrus leafminer parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in Florida. Citrus Industry, 76,12–17.
Huang, M. D., & Li, S. X. (1989). The damage and economic threshold of Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella to Citrus In M. D. Huang & S. X. Li (Eds.),. Study of biological parameters of parasitoids of Phyllocnists citrella stainton and their impact on the dynamic of its population. Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural University of Athens. 258p.
Kalaitzaki, A. P. (2004). Study of biological parameters of parasitoids of Phyllocnists citrella stainton and their impact on the dynamic of its population. Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural University of Athens. 258p.
Kalaitzaki, Α. Κ., Alexandrakis, V. Ζ., Varikou, Κ. Ν., & Pervolarakis, Μ. S. (2003). Biological control of the citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) with the parasitoid Encarsia lahorensis (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in citrus orchards of Crete (p. 50). Abstracts of 10th National Entomological Congress, November 4–7, 2003, Iraklio, Crete (in Greek).
Kalaitzaki, A. W., Lykouressis, D. P., & Michelakis, S. E. (1999). Parasitoids of Phyllocnistis, citrella stainton in citrus orchards in the area of Chania, Crete (p. 98). Proceedings of the 7th Hellenenic Entomological meeting of Entomological Society of Greece, 21–24 October 1997, Kavala, Greece.
Kalaitzaki, A. P., Lykouressis, D. P., Perdikis, D. C., & Alexandrakis, V. Z. (2007). Effect of temperature on development and survival of the parasitoid Pnigalio pectinicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared on Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Environmental Entomology, 36, 497–505.
Katsoyannos, B. I. (1983). Captures of Ceratitis capitata and Dacus oleae flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by McPhail and Rebell color traps suspended on citrus, fig and olive tress on Chios, Greece. In R. Cavalloro (Ed.), Fruit flies of economic importance (pp. 451–456). Proceedings CEC/IOBC Symposium, November 1982, Athens.
Katsoyannos, B. I. (1994). Evaluation of Mediteranean fruit fly traps for use in the sterile-insecttechnique programmes. Journal of Applied Entomology, 118, 442–452.
Katsoyannos, B. I., Kouloussis, N. A., & Carey, J. R. (1998). Seasonal and annual occurrence of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Chios island: Differences between two neighboring citrus orchards. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 91, 43–51.
Katsoyannos, B. I., & Papadopoulos, N. T. (2004). Evaluation of synthetic females attractants against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in sticky coated spheres and McPhail type traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 21–26.
Katsoyannos, B. I., Papadopoulos, N. T., Hearth, R. R., Hendrichs, J., & Kouloussis, N. A. (1999a). Evaluation of synthetic food-based attractants for female Mediterranean fruit flies (Dipt., Tephritidae) in McPhail type traps. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, 6007–6012.
Katsoyannos, B. I., Papadopoulos, N. T., Hearth, R. R., Hendrichs, J. & Kouloussis, N. A. (1999b). Field evaluation of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) females selective attractants for use in monitoring programs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 583–589.
Katsoyannos, P. (1984) The establishment of Rhyzobius forestieri (Col.: Coccinellidae) in Greece and its efficiency as an auxiliary control agent against a heavy infestation of Saissetia oleae (Hom: Coccidae). Entomophaga, 29, 387–397.
Katsoyannos, P. (1991). First record of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Mask.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Greece and some observation on its phenology. Entomologia Hellenica, 9, 69–72.
Katsoyannos, P. (1996a). Integrated insect pest management for citrus in northern Mediterranean countries (110 pp). Athens, Greece: Benaki Phytopathological Institute.
Katsoyannos, P. (1996b). Insect pest management in Citrus (Homoptera – Lepidoptera) (pp. 211–216). Proccedings of the 1st National meeting of Plant . Protection. Control of the main diseases, insect pests and weeds of the plant crops at present in Greece, 5–7 March 1996, Larisa-Greece (in Greek).
Katsoyannos, P. (1997). Status and importance of Rhyzobius forestieri (Col.: Coccinellidae) on citrus at Chios island, Greece, nine years after its introduction. Entomophaga, 42, 387–392.
Katsoyannos, P., Ifantis, K., & Kontodimas, D. C. (1997). Phenology, population trend and natural enemies of the wooly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) at a newly invaded area in Athens, Greece. Entomophaga, 42, 619–628.
Katsoyannos, P., & Kontodimas, D. C. (1996). Combining classical biological control and augmentation: Multiple releases of an exotic parasitoid [Cales noacki (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)] for controlling Aleurothrixus floccosus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Greece. technology transfer in biological control: From research to practice. IOBC International conference, September 9–11, 1996, Montpellier, France.
Katsoyannos, P., Kontodimas, D. C., & Stathas, G. J. (1998). The inundative release of Cales noacki Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), for curative treatment of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on heavily infested citrus in Greece. Annales de l’ Institut Phytopathologique Benaki, N.S., 18, 111–122.
Katsoyannos, P., Kontodimas, D. C., Stathas, G. J., & Tsartsalis, C. T. (1995). The establishment of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: coccinelidae) on citrus and some data on its phenology in Greece (p.37). Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Biological Control in European Islands, September 1995, Ponta Delgada-Azores, Portugal.
Kavallieratos, N. G., Athanassiou, C. G., Tomanović, Ž., Sciarretta, A., Trematerra, P., & Žikić, V. (2005). Seasonal occurrence, distribution and sampling indices for Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) and its parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on tobacco. European Journal of Entomology, 102, 459–468.
Kavallieratos, N., & Lykouressis, D. (1999). Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) emerged from aphids (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) on citrus and their frequency in Greece. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria, Portici, 55, 93–104.
Kavallieratos, N. G., & Lykouressis, D. P. (2004). The coloration of mummies of Aphis gossypii Glover on citrus and other plants as a useful tool for parasitoid identification. Israel Journal of Entomology, 34, 75–82.
Kavallieratos, N. G., Lykouressis, D. P., Sarlis, G. P., Stathas, G. J., Sanchis Segovia, A., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2001) The Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae) of Greece. Phytoparasitica, 29, 306–340.
Kavallieratos, N. G., Stathas, G. J., & Tomanović, Ž. (2002). Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on Citrus: Seasonal abundance, association with the species of host plant, and sampling indices. Phytoparasitica, 30, 365–377.
Knapp, J. L., Albrigo, L. G., Browning, H.W., Bullock, R. C., Heppner, J. B., Hall, D. G., et al. (1995). Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton: Current status in Florida, 1995 (35pp). Gainesville, FL: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS. Kontodimas, D. C., et al. (2005). The wooly whitefly on citrus of Greece during 1991–2005. Proceedings of 11th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Karditsa, October 11–14, 2005.
Kontodimas, D. C., Eliopoulos, P. A., Stathas, G. J., & Economou, L. P. (2004). Comparative temperature-dependent development of Nephus includens (Kirsch) and Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) preying on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): evaluation of a linear and various nonlinear models using specific criteria. Environmental
Entomology, 33, 1–11.
Kontodimas, D. C., Stathas, G. J., & Martinou, A. F. (2008). The aphidophagous predator Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Greece, 1994–1999. European Journal of Entomology, 105, 541–544.
Liaropoulos, K., Zervas, G., Mavraganis, V., Broumas, T., Tsiropoulos, G., & Tsirogiannis, V. (2003). Comparative field studies of various traps and attractants for the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fall. Entomologia Hellenica, 15, 39–52.
Lykouressis, D. P. (1991). Aphids of pome-stone-citrus trees and their integrated control (p. 42). Athens: Agricultural University of Athens.
Mavrikakis, G. P., Remboulakis, C., & Economopoulos, A. P. (2003). Attract and kill of Mediterranean fruit fly with food lure and spinosad. Abstracts, 10th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Heraklio, Greece, 4–7 November 2003 (in Greek).
Mavrikakis, P. G., Economopoulos, A. P., & Carey, J. R. (2000) Continuous winter reproduction of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Heraklion, Crete, Southern Greece. Environmental Entomology, 29, 1180–1187.
McMurtry, J. A., Morse, J. G., & Johnson, H. G. (1992). Studies of the impact of Euseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus mites using predator exclusion and predator release experiments. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 15, 233–248.
Michalopoulos, G. (1989). First record of the bayberry whitefly Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) in Greece. Entomologia Hellenica, 7, 69–72.
Michelakis, S., & Alexandrakis, V. (1989). A new serious pest on citrus of Crete-Greece (Parabemisia myricae Kuwana Fam. Aleyrodidae). Fruits, 44, 609–611.
Michelakis, S. E. (1988). Preliminary experiments for the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) in Crete-Greece (pp. 137–144). Proceedings of 2nd International meeting on Mediterranean Tree Crops.
Michelakis, S. E. (1992). Phenology of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann in Crete. Israel Journal of Entomology, 25–26, 177–180.
Michelakis, S. E., & Vacante, V. (1997). The citrus leafminer status in Greece. Integrated control in citrus fruit crops. Bulletin-OILB-SROP, 20, 81–82.
Mineo, G., Mirabello, A., del Busto, T., & Viggiani, G. (1983). Contributi alla lotta integrata nel limoneto. 2. Catture di adulti di Prays citri Mill. (Lep. Plutellidae) con trappole a feromoni e andamento delle infestazioni in limoneti della Sicilia occidentale (pp. 369–370). 12mo Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, November 1980, Rome.
Mourikis, P. A. (1965). Data concerning the development of the immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera:Trypetidae)) on different host-fruits and on artificial media under laboratory conditions. Annales Institut Phytopathologique Benaki, 7, 59–106.
Neale, C., Smith, D., Beattie, G. A. C., & Miles, M. (1995). Importation, host specificity testing, rearing and release of three parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Eastern Australia. Journal of of the Australian Entomological Society, 34, 343–348.
Palmer, J. (1987). Megaluro thrips in the flowers of tropical legumes: A morphometric study. In J. Holman, J. Pelikan, A. F. G. Dixon, & L. Weisman (Eds.), Population structure, genetics and taxonomy of aphids and thysanoptera (pp. 480– 495). SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Papachristos, D. P. (2007). Study on the effects of citrus species and varieties on performance and population dynamics of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the area of Arta (Epirus, Western Greece). Post doctorate Dissertation, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
Papachristos, D. P., & Papadopoulos, N. T. (2009). Are citrus species favourable hosts for the Mediterranean fruit fly? A demographic perspective. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 132, 1–12.
Papadopoulos, B., & Economopoulos, A. P. (1997a). Adult population study of the Mediteranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dipt.: Tephritidae), and fruit infestation in the valey of Fodele (North Central Crete) (pp. 99–109). Proceedings of the 6th Panhellenic Entomological Congress, Chania.
Papadopoulos, B., & Economopoulos, A. P. (1997b). Dispersal and survival of males of the genetic sexing strain T(Y;5)1-61 of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dipt.: Tephritidae), in the valley of Fodele (North Central Crete) (pp. 110–120) Proceedings 6th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Chania, Greece.
Papadopoulos, N. T., (1999) Study on the biology and ecology of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Greece. Ph.D. Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Papadopoulos, N. T., Carey, J. R., Katsoyannos, B. I., & Kouloussis, N. A. (1996). Overwintering of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Greece. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 89, 526–534.
Papadopoulos, N. T., & Katsoyannos, B. I. (2003). Field parasitism of Ceratitis capitata larvae by Aganaspis daci in Chios, Greece. BioControl, 48, 191–105.
Papadopoulos, N. T., & Katsoyannos, B. I. (2007). Field parasitism of Mediterranean fruit fly by Aganaspis daci (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) in Chios and first data on the biology and rearing of the parasitoid in the laboratory (pp. 140–145). Proceedings 9th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Ioannina.
Papadopoulos, N. T., Katsoyannos, B. I., Carey, J. R., & Kouloussis, N. A. (2001). Seasonal and annual occurrence of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northern Greece. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94, 41–50.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. (1985). Research on the acarofauna of citrus-groves in Greece with the aim of instituting an integrated control programme for Tetranychus urticae (Koch) and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (pp. 199–203). Proceedings of the Experts meeting, Acireale, Italy.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. (1991). The citrus red mite Panonychus citri; one of the most important pest for citrus groves. Georgia kai Ktenotrofia, 6, 22–26.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. (1995). Modern methods of controlling mite pests, combined with the arising problem of citrus whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell (pp. 93–99). Proceedings meeting for Citrus Whitefly, Nauplio, Greece.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. (1996). Management of mite pests and modern treds (pp. 339–345). Hellenic Meeting of Plant Protection. Control of the main diseases, insect pests and weeds of the plant crops at present in Greece, Larisa, Greece.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P., Ragusa di Chiara, S., & Tsolakis, C. (1996). Phytophagous mites and their predators observed on cultivated plants in Greece during 1975–1990. Annales Institut Phytopathologique Benaki (N.S.), 17, 35–86.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P., Tsagarakou, A., & Dermatas, P. (1992). Integrated pest control in citrusgroves, evaluation on new acaricides used in the treatment of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri Koch). Proceedings International Society Citriculture, 3, 1269–1272.
Papaioannou-Souliotis, P., Tsagkarakou, A., & Nomikou, M. (1997). Field observations on some ecoethological aspects of phytoseiid mites in Greek citrus groves. Acarologia, 28, 29–37.
Papanikolaou, N. (2005). Investigation of phenology characteristics of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (lLpidoptera: Gracillariidae) and Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and the impact of their natural enemies in citrus groves. MSc Thesis, (in Greek).
Papanikolaou, N. E., Kavallieratos, N. G., Kontodimas, D. C., & Tomanovic, Z. (2006). First record of the parasitoid Pnigalio soemius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Greece. Archives of Biological Science, Belgrade, 58, 39P–40P.
Pappas, S. (1981). The presence of Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Hemiptera, Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in Corfu. Agricultural Research, 5, 179–81.
Pappas, S., & Viggiani, G., (1979). Introdotta a Corfù la Prospaltella lahorensis How. (Hym., Aphelinidae) parassita del Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Fillipo Silvestri, Portici, 36, 38–41.
Pelekassis, C. E. D. (1962). A catalogue of the more important insects and other animals harmful to the agricultural crops of Greece during the last thirty-year period. Annales de l’Institute Phytopathologique Benaki (N.S.), 6, 5–104.
Rivnay, R. (1935). Ecological studies on the green house thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis in Palestine. Annals of Applied Biology, 25, 143–154.
Santas, L. A. (1979). Distribution of aphids of citrus and cotton and their parasites in Greece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 9, 315–319.
Smith, D., & Beattie, G. A. C. (1996). Australian citrus IPM and citrus leafminer. In M. Hoy (Eds.), Proceedings International conference Managing the Citrus Leafminer (pp. 34–46), Orlando, FL.
Stathas G. J, Kavallieratos, N. G., & Eliopoulos, P. A. (2003). Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): A two-year study from Central Greece. Australian Journal of Entomology, 42, 271–275.
Sternlicht, M., Barzakay, I., & Tamim, M. (1990). Management of Prays citri in lemon orchards by mass trapping of males. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 55, 59–67.
Zur Strassen, R. (1986). Thysanopteren auf inselen der Nordlichen Sporaden in der Agais (Griechenland). Seckenbergiana Biologica, 67, 85–129.
Tsagarakis, A., Kalaitzaki, A. P., Lykouressis, D., Michelakis, S., & Alexandrakis, V. (1999). Presence and impact of introduced and native parasitoids on Phyllocnists citrella Stainton in Greece. Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, ?22, 66.
Tsagarakis, A. E., Kalaitzaki, A. P., Lykouressis, D. P., Michelakis, S. E., & Alexandrakis, V. Z. (2003). Parasitoids of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnists citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in two regions of Greece. 10th Hellenic Entomological meeting, Heraklio, Greece.
Tsagarakis, A. E., & Lykouressis, D. P. (2002). Relative abundance of parasitoids of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) on three citrus species in Greece. 7th European Congress of Entomology, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Tzanakakis, M. E., & Katsoyannos, B. I. (2003). Insects of fruit trees and grape vine. Athens: Agrotypos. Tzimos, K. (1961). The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in northern Greece. Agrotikos Tachitromos, 172, 141–142.
Vamvakas, M., Anagnou-Veroniki, M., & Kontodimas, D. C. (2005). New data on the phenology of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): Overwintering in Attica and first record of the parasitoid Semielacher silvicola Boucek in Greece (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).11th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Karditsa, Greece.
Varikou K., Tsitsipis, I., Alexandrakis, V., & Hoddle, M. (2009a) Effect of temperature on the development and longevity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102, 835–841.
Varikou, K., Tsitsipis, I., & Alexandrakis, V., (2009b). Effect of diet on development and reproduction of Kelly’s Citrus Τhrips. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103, 66–70.
Varikou, K., Tsitsipis, J. A., Alexandrakis, V., & Mound, L. (2002). Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new pest of citrus trees in Crete. 7th European Congress of Entomology, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Varikou, K. N. (2006). Study of bio-ecology of Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a pest of citrus orchards of Crete (p. 251). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Thessaly.
Webster, W. K., Cooper, P., & Mound, L. (2005). Studies on Kelly’s citrus, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): Sex attractants, host associations and country of origin. Australian Journal of Entomology, 44, 67–74.
Zervas, G. A. (1994). Development of new traps for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied (pp. 117–126). Proceedings 4th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Volos.
Zervas, G. A., Christopoulos, A. D., & Kateva, A. C. (1997). Control of the Meditteranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) by mass trapping in an orange orchard in Korinthia (pp. 450–456). Proceedings 6th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Chania, 31 October–3 November 1995.
Zervas, G. A., Kateva, A. C., & Christopoulos, A. D. (1995). Ways of overwintering of the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (pp. 105–112). Proceedings of the 5th Hellenic Entomological Congress, Athens, Greece, 8–10 November 1993.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karamaouna, F., Mylonas, P., Papachristos, D., Kontodimas, D., Michaelakis, A., Kapaxidi, E. (2010). Main Arthropod Pests of Citrus Culture and Pest Management in Greece. In: Ciancio, A., Mukerji, K. (eds) Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases. Integrated Management of Plant Pests and Diseases, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2463-3
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-8606-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)