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Seaweeds and their Role in Globally Changing Environments pp 319–338Cite as

Reproductive Processes in Red Algal Genus Gracilaria and Impact of Climate Change

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Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 15))

Abstract

The genus Gracilaria forms a basis for the multimillion-dollar phycocolloid industry. This genus has a tropical origin and is represented by about 110 species throughout the world. Despite increasing interest in agar as a commercial product, relatively little is known about the overall reproductive processes in genus the Gracilaria. The typical life history of Gracilaria follows a basic pattern known as “Polysiphonia type,” which is triphasic in nature; however, various alternating strategies are also known. The ecophysiological differences have been reported in different life-cycle stages. Biomass production as well as induction of reproduction have been significantly correlated with seawater temperature. The studies using microsatellite DNA markers have shown that the large-scale and continuous farming practices in Gracilaria chilensis have significantly modified the important life-history traits when compared with wild populations, which could have important consequences on the evolution of the haploid–diploid life cycle. The phase- and sex-related genetic markers have been identified in G. lemaneiformis by RAPD method. The population structure in this genus is determined by the vital rates of spore mortality, recruitments, and reproduction associated with the different stages of the life cycle. The spore production and survival is environmentally controlled in a majority of the Gracilaria species. However, the spore dispersal has not been affected by the size of the spore, and haploid spores have better dispersal abilities than diploid ones owing to their higher longevity and buoyancy in the water column under in vitro conditions. The performance of nonmotile spermatia has been evaluated under field conditions in G. gracils through microsatellite markers; the results have shown that the fertilization success depends on the distance traveled by spermatia, male–male competition, and female choice. Intrinsic factors such as life cycle and mating system are shown to be responsible for genetic structure within the population in G. gracils. The germination of spore follows the Dumontia-type of cell division in many Gracilaria species. The germinating spores have shown coalescing nature, which is ecologically as well as economically important. The overall understanding of the climatically driven environmental changes is much more complex and includes the species-tolerance limit toward the particular change, alternative dispersal or reproductive strategy, physiological adaptation, biotic interactions, etc. The effect of such a change on reproductive processes of the genus Gracilaria is mostly unpredictable, since results of only a few laboratory-based studies are insufficient to draw a conclusion.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (NWP 018 and 019), for funding support. We would also like to thank handling editor for constructive suggestions.

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  1. Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, 364002, India

    Vaibhav A. Mantri, C. R. K. Reddy & Bhavanath Jha

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Mantri, V.A., Reddy, C.R.K., Jha, B. (2010). Reproductive Processes in Red Algal Genus Gracilaria and Impact of Climate Change. In: Seckbach, J., Einav, R., Israel, A. (eds) Seaweeds and their Role in Globally Changing Environments. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8569-6_18

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