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Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology pp 327–350Cite as

72 kDa Extracellular Heat Shock Protein (eHsp72), Norepinephrine (NE), and the Innate Immune Response Following Moderate Exercise

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Part of the book series: Heat Shock Proteins ((HESP,volume 5))

Abstract

It is now well known that both norepinephrine (NE) and 72 kDa extracellular heat shock protein (eHsp72) are released during stress, and that they can activate the immune system, mainly the innate immune response, even before a pathogen challenge. This is one reason why they have been postulated as “stress messengers or mediators” or “danger signals” for the immune system during stress. Exercise constitutes a stress because it alters the organism’s homeostasis. Indeed, most of the exercise-induced changes in the immune system (including moderate exercise) are mediated by stress hormones and proteins, including NE and eHsp72. In this chapter, we present the latest studies performed in our laboratory about the role of NE and eHsp72 in the moderate-exercise-induced stimulation of neutrophil function, reviewing the main literature on the interaction between NE and Hsp72 not only in stimulating the innate immune response but also in the role of NE as a triggering signal in the stress-induced systemic release of eHsp72, particularly following moderate exercise. We also discuss the immunophysiological relevance of these interactions, as well as the optimal level of exercise that improves, but not impairs, the immune function by stimulating innate and/or inflammatory response mechanisms

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Data presented at the 2nd Iberoamerican Congreso of Neuroimmunomodulation (Madrid, Spain, 2007). Giraldo, E., Hinchado, M.D., García, J.J. and Ortega, E. (2006) Neuroimmunomodulation 13: 247–248 (Abstract); Giraldo, E., García, J.J., Hinchado, M.D., and Ortega, E. (2008) Exercise intensity-dependent changes in the inflammatory response in sedentary women: phagocytic process of neutrophils and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. Role of neuroendocrine parameters. Neuroimmunomodulation (accepted for publication. DOI:10.1159/000212384).

  2. 2.

    Data presented in the 2nd Iberoamerican Congress on Neuroinmunomodulation (Madrid, Spain, 2007; Giraldo et al., p. 98 of abstract book) and VI Iberoamerican Congress of Sports Medicine (Sevilla, Spain, 2007). Giraldo, E. and Ortega, E. (2007). Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 24, 353 (Abstract).

  3. 3.

    Data presented in the VI Iberoamerican Congress of Sports Medicine (Sevilla, Spain, 2007). Hinchado, M.D. and Ortega, E (2007). Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 24, 352 (Abstract).

  4. 4.

    Data presented in the VI Iberoamerican Congress of Sports Medicine (Sevilla, Spain, 2007). Giraldo, E. and Ortega, E (2007). Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 24, 352 (Abstract).

Abbreviations

ACTH:

adrenocorticotropic hormone

APC:

antigen presenting cells

PBMC:

peripheral blood mononuclear cells

eHsp72:

seventy two kilo Dalton extracellular heat shock protein

ERK:

extracellular signal-regulated kinases

fMLP:

formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine peptide

IL-6:

interleukin-6

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

NE:

norepinephrine

NFkB:

nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NK:

natural killer cells

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

PRR’s:

pattern recognition receptors

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SNS:

sympathetic nervous system

SP:

stress proteins

TLR 2:

toll like receptor 2

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Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by Junta de Extremadura III PRI06A172 and MICINN-FEDER DEP2006-56187-C04-03, DEP 2009–10041 as well as by fellows from Consejería de Infraestructura y Desarrollo Tecnológico y Fundación Valhondo de Extremadura (Spain).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda, Elvas s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain

    Eduardo Ortega

  2. Department of Physiology (Immunophysiology Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain

    Esther Giraldo, M. Dolores Hinchado, Leticia Martín-Cordero & Juan J. García

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  1. Eduardo Ortega
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  2. Esther Giraldo
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Correspondence to Eduardo Ortega .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, Texas A & M University System, South 1st St. 1901, Temple, 76508, U.S.A.

    Alexzander A. A. Asea

  2. Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Koebenhavn, 2100, Denmark

    Bente K. Pedersen

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Ortega, E., Giraldo, E., Hinchado, M.D., Martín-Cordero, L., García, J.J. (2010). 72 kDa Extracellular Heat Shock Protein (eHsp72), Norepinephrine (NE), and the Innate Immune Response Following Moderate Exercise. In: Asea, A., Pedersen, B. (eds) Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Heat Shock Proteins, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_19

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