Abstract
The retina is a complex network of various molecularly and neurochemically distinct cell types. These heterogeneous and highly interactive neurons and glia are stratified in rather precisely organized layers, and often distributed in regular arrays, surrounded by rich, laminated extracellular matrix, as well as a dual vascular system. All components of retinal tissue affect the proliferation and survival of retinal progenitor cells through a combination of tightly regulated genetic and microenvironmental mechanisms. The latter are provided for by a variety of extrinsic modulators, including neurotrophins, interleukins, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, acting through numerous types of plasma membrane receptors, and cross-talking intracellular signaling pathways. This chapter reviews some of the major determinants of retinal cell population dynamics, which are a pre-requisite for the design of tissue engineering applied to retinal degenerations.
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- 5-HT:
-
5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin
- AC:
-
adenylyl cyclase
- ACh:
-
acetylcholine
- AIF:
-
apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPA:
-
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid
- Apaf-1:
-
apoptotic protease-activating factor-1
- ATM:
-
ataxia and teleangiectasia mutated
- ATP:
-
adenosine triphosphate
- ATR:
-
ATM and Rad3-related
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma protein-2
- BDNF:
-
brain-derived growth factor
- BMP:
-
bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU:
-
bromo-deoxyuridine
- CAK:
-
CDK activating kinase
- cAMP:
-
cyclic adenosine-3′-5′-monophosphate
- CDC:
-
cell division cycle
- CDK:
-
cyclin-dependent protein kinase
- CE:
-
cilliary epithelium
- CK2:
-
casein kinase 2
- Cl- :
-
chloride ion
- CMZ:
-
cilliary marginal zone
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CNTF:
-
ciliary neurotrophic factor
- CREB:
-
cAMP Response Element Binding protein
- DDC:
-
DOPA decarboxylase
- DFO:
-
deferoxamine
- Dhh:
-
desert hedgehog
- DNA-PK:
-
DNA protein kinase
- DOPA:
-
dihydroxyphenylalanine
- DSB:
-
double strand break
- EGF:
-
epidermal growth factor
- ERK:
-
extracellular signal-related kinase
- FasL:
-
Fas ligand
- FGF:
-
fibroblast growth factor
- GABA:
-
gamma amino butiric acid
- GAD:
-
glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GCL:
-
ganglion cell layer
- GTP:
-
guanosine triphosphate
- Gy:
-
gray
- Hh:
-
hedgehog proteins
- IFN:
-
interferon
- IGF:
-
insulin-related growth factor
- Ihh:
-
Indian hedgehog
- IL:
-
interleukin
- INL:
-
inner nuclear layer
- INM:
-
interkinetic nuclear migration
- IP3 :
-
inositol triphosphate
- IR:
-
ionizing radiation
- mAChR:
-
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor(s)
- MAPK:
-
mitogen activated kinase
- MG132:
-
carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-leucinal
- mGluR:
-
metabotropic glutamate receptor
- MIMO:
-
mimosine
- MOP-R:
-
opioid receptor
- nAChR:
-
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(s)
- NBL:
-
neuroblastic layer
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-D-aspartate
- NO:
-
nitrous oxide
- NPY:
-
neuropeptide Y
- NT:
-
neurotrophin
- ODC:
-
ornitine decarboxylase
- OLO:
-
olomoucine
- PACAP:
-
Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase-activating Polypeptide
- PAF:
-
platelet activating factor
- PCD:
-
programmed cell death
- PDTC:
-
pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide-3-kinase
- PKA:
-
cAMP-activated protein kinase
- PKC:
-
protein kinase C
- PLC:
-
phospholipase C
- PNMT:
-
phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
- Rb:
-
retinoblastoma protein
- RPC:
-
retinal progenitor cell(s)
- Shh:
-
sonic hedgehog
- STAT:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF:
-
transforming growth factor
- TH:
-
tyrosine hydroxylase
- TrK:
-
tyrosine kinase receptor
- twhh:
-
tiggy-winkle hedgehog
- Wnt:
-
wingless-int oncogene
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Linden, R. et al. (2010). Tissue Biology of Proliferation and Cell Death Among Retinal Progenitor Cells. In: Ulrich, H. (eds) Perspectives of Stem Cells. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3375-8_13
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