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Perspectives of Stem Cells pp 145–170Cite as

Neuron-Astroglial Interactions in Cell Fate Commitment in the Central Nervous System

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Abstract

Until about 100 years ago, astroglial cells were regarded solely as passive components of the nervous system. During the past few years, however, increasing knowledge of these cells has completely changed this scenario: rather than mere inert “brain glue”, astroglial cells are now considered active partners of neurons, and they seem to be much more actively involved in brain function than was formerly thought. Recent evidence shows that astroglia, in addition to their previously known roles in neurotransmitter clearance, ion buffering, and neuronal trophic support, are also involved in other functions, such as synapse development and neurogenesis. In this review, we will focus on the role of astroglial cells, mainly radial glia and astrocytes, in several events of nervous system development such as cell fate commitment, neuronal and astrocyte maturation, and synapse formation. We will argue that the functional architecture of the brain depends on an intimate neuron-glia partnership. Finally, we will briefly discuss the emerging view of astrocytes as essential actors in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders, and how a better understanding of glial development might open new avenues to develop therapeutic approaches to these pathologies.

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Abbreviations

ALS:

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

AMPA:

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid

BLBP:

brain lipid-binding protein

BMP:

bone morphogenic protein

BrdU:

bromodeoxyuridine

CNTF:

ciliary neurotrophic factor

CT-1:

Cardiotrophin-1

E:

embryonic day

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EGL:

external granular layer

FGF:

fibroblast growth factor

β-Gal:

β-galactosidase

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GLAST:

astrocyte-specific glutamate-aspartate transporter

GLT-1:

glutamate transporter-1

IGL:

internal granular layer

iGlureceptor:

ionotrophic glutamate receptor

IL-6:

interleukin-6

LGE:

lateral ganglionic eminence

LIF:

leukemia inhibitor factor

LIFRβ:

leukemia inhibitor factor receptor beta

LPA:

lysophosphatidic acid

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MGE:

medial ganglionic eminence

mGlu receptor:

metabotropic glutamate receptor

NGF:

nerve growth factor

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NMJ:

neuromuscular junction

NPC:

neural progenitor cell(s)

NRG:

neuregulin(s)

NS:

nervous system

NSC:

neural stem cell(s)

PI3-K:

phosphatidylinositol 3-K

PNS:

peripherical nervous system

RA:

retinoic acid

RG:

radial glia

RGC:

retinal ganglion cells

SGZ:

subgranular zone

SVZ:

subventricular zone

T3:

thyroid hormone

TGF-α:

transforming growth factor-α

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor-β

TGFRI:

transforming growth factor-β receptor I

TGFRII:

transforming growth factor-β receptor II

TSP:

thrombospondin(s)

VZ:

ventricular zone

Wnt:

wingless

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Acknowledgment

For financial support: FAPERJ, CNPq, CAPES (Brazil).

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  1. Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomêdicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Joice Stipursky, Tânia Cristina Leite de Sampaio e Spohr, Luciana Ferreira Romão & Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes

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Stipursky, J., de Sampaio e Spohr, T.C.L., Romão, L.F., Gomes, F.C.A. (2010). Neuron-Astroglial Interactions in Cell Fate Commitment in the Central Nervous System. In: Ulrich, H. (eds) Perspectives of Stem Cells. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3375-8_11

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