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Olive and Grapevine Biodiversity in Greece and Cyprus – A Review

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Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms

Part of the book series: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews ((SARV,volume 2))

Abstract

Olive (Olea europaea) and grape (Vitis vinifera) are among the most important fruit crops. Greece and Cyprus are primeval centers of their early domestication and hence diversification. Despite long selection towards desirable agronomic traits and extensive exchange of selected clones between different regions, both species are still characterized by high levels of genetic and phenotypic variability. Numerous ancient or rare varieties with important agronomic characteristics are still cultivated locally, yet their recent extensive replacement by improved or modern cultivars along with the near extinction of their wild relatives raise concerns about severe genetic erosion. Under the light of the impending climate changes, like global warming and its possible consequences in water availability and expansion of pests/diseases, the need to describe and preserve both cultivated and wild germplasm for future exploitation is imperative now, more than ever. To this end, it is essential to acquire a thorough picture of the existing biodiversity for both species and to understand the molecular mechanisms governing important agronomic traits. More than 170 olive and about 700 grape Greek varieties have been recorded, although the numbers of distinct cultivars may be smaller due to the existence of synonyms. The respective diversity in Cyprus is much lower, though the major Cypriot olive variety ‘Ladolia’ is actually a highly variable mixture of numerous genetically distinct landraces, and the autochthonous grape cultivars are generally well-adapted to extreme environmental conditions constituting promising plant material for sustainable utilization. Molecular marker techniques have significantly ameliorated the description of local genetic diversity within both species. However, most studies have been restricted to major cultivars and accessions obtained from germplasm collections. Further exploration, description and agronomic evaluation of indigenous germplasm are needed, including minor or underutilized domestic varieties and wild germplasm. Groves or individuals of oleasters and sylvestris grapes should be recorded and preserved in situ or ex situ, i.e., in germplasm collections. Such germplasm may constitute invaluable plant material in breeding programs aiming to develop disease-resistant and stress-tolerant clones, thus improving the sustainability of grape and olive growing worldwide. Genetic resources are the foundation of our agricultural future. Sustainable management of olive and grape genetic resources is essential for breeding programs and one of the prerequisites for sustainable agriculture.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Panayiotis Fotinopoulos for generous gift of photos shown in Figs. 1 and 5.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Enology and Beverage Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210, Athens, Aegaleo, Greece

    Georgios Banilas, Elias Korkas & Panayiotis Kaldis

  2. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece

    Polydefkis Hatzopoulos

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  1. Georgios Banilas
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  2. Elias Korkas
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  4. Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
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Correspondence to Georgios Banilas .

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    Eric Lichtfouse

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Banilas, G., Korkas, E., Kaldis, P., Hatzopoulos, P. (2009). Olive and Grapevine Biodiversity in Greece and Cyprus – A Review. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2716-0_14

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