Skip to main content

Preoperative and Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping for Radioguided Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

  • Chapter
Atlas of Lymphoscintigraphy and Sentinel Node Mapping

Abstract

Axillary lymph node status still is a major prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer, providing information that is important for tailoring post-surgical treatment [1,2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Carter CL, Allen C, Henson DE (1989) Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740. breast cancer cases. Cancer 63:181–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carlson RW, Allred DC, Anderson BO et al (2009) Breast cancer: clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7:122–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT (1993) Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 2:335–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Reintgen DS, Cruse CW, Wells K et al (1994) The orderly progression of melanoma and nodal metastases. Ann Surg 22:759–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Orsini F, Rubello D, Giuliano AE, Mariani G (2012) Radioguided surgery. In: Strauss HW, Mariani G, Volterrani D, Larson SM (eds). Nuclear oncology: pathophysiology and clinical applications. Springer, New York, (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mariani G, Moresco L, Viale G et al (2001) Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med 42:1198–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G et al (2003) A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 349:546–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Essner R et al (1999) Validation of the accuracy of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma: a multicenter trial — Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group. Ann Surg 230:453–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR et al (2005) American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:7703–7720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Buscombe J, Paganelli G, Burak ZE et al (2007) Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:2154–2159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hindié E, Groeux D, Espie M et al (2009) Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Bull Cancer 96:713–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tan VK, Goh BK, Fook-Chong S et al (2011) The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node-negative patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer — a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol 104:97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chagpar AB, McMasters KM (2004) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: from investigational procedure to standard practice. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 4:903–912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim T, Giuliano AE, Lyman GH (2006) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early stage breast carcinoma: a metaanalysis. Cancer 106:4–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Halsted WS (1907) The results of operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 46:1–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cady B, Michaelson JS, Chung MA (2011) The “tipping point” for breast cancer mortality decline has resulted from size reductions due to mammographic screening. Ann Surg Oncol 18:903–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL (1994) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 220:391–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yeoh EK, Denham JW, Davies SA, Spittle MF (1986) Primary breast cancer: complications of axillary management. Acta Radiol Oncol 25:105–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ivens D, Hoe AL, Podd TJ et al (1992) Assessment of morbidity from complete axillary dissection. Br J Cancer 66:136–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mansel, R.E., Fallowfield L, Kissin M et al (2006) Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: the ALMANAC Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:599–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al (2010) Sentinel-lymphnode node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32. randomized phase 3. trial. Lancet Oncol 11:927–933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lucci A, McCall LM, Beitsch PD et al (2007) Surgical Complications associated with sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plus axillary lymph node dissection compared with SLND alone in the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial Z0011. J Clin Oncol 5:3657–3663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al (2010) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tjan-Heijnen VC, de Boer M (2009) Minimal lymph node involvement and outcome of breast cancer. The results of the Dutch MIRROR study. Discov Med 8:137–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fisher ER, Swamidoss S, Lee CH et al (1978) Detection and significance of occult axillary node metastases in patients with invasive breast cancer. Cancer 42:2025–2031.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballman KV et al (2011) Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA 306:385–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN et al (2011) Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 364:412–421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Suami H, aylor GI, Pan WR (2005) A new radiographic cadaver injection technique for investigating the lymphatic system. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:2007–2013.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cruikshank WC (1786) The anatomy of the absorbing vessels of the human body. Nicol, London

    Google Scholar 

  30. Suami H, Pan WR, Mann GB, Taylor GI (2008) The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: a human cadaver study. Ann Surg Oncol 15:863–871.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ellis H, Colborn GL, Skandalakis JE (1993) Surgical embryology and anatomy of the breast and its related anatomic structures. Surg Clin North Am 73:611–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdés Olmos RA, Kroon BB (2001) Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg 192:399–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L (1999) The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve survival of breast cancer patients: 30-year results of a randomized trial. Eur J Cancer 35:1320–1325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Linehan DC, Hill AD, Tran KN et al (1999) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: unfiltered radioisotope is superior to filtered. J Am Coll Surg 188:377–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cody HS 3rd, Borgen PI (1999) State-of-the-art approaches to sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: study design, patient selection, technique, and quality control at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Surg Oncol 8:85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tsopelas C (2001) Particles size analysis of 99mTc-labeled and unlabeled antimony trisulfide and rhenium sulfide colloids intended for lymphoscintigraphic application. J Nucl Med 42:460–466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tanis Valdés Olmos RA, Muller SH, Nieweg OE (2003) Lymphatic mapping in patients with breast carcinoma: reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphic results. Radiology 228:546–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Alazraki NP, Styblo T, Grant SF, Cohen C et al (2000) Sentinel node staging of early breast cancer using lymphoscintigraphy and the intraoperative gamma-detecting probe. Semin Nucl Med 30:56–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF et al (1998) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection. J Am Coll Surg 186:275–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith LF, Cross MJ, Klimberg VS (2000) Subareolar injection is a better technique for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Am J Surg 180:434–437; discussion 437-438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, Pijpers R (1997) Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Lancet 349:1668–1669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pelosi E, Bellò M, Giors M et al (2004) Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with early-stage breast cancer: comparison of periareolar and subdermal/peritumoral injection techniques: J Nucl Med 45:220–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, Pijpers RJ, van Diest PJ (2000) Functional lymphatic anatomy in breast cancer: echoes from the past and the periareolar blue method. Ann Surg 232:81–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Roumen RM, Geuskens LM, Valkenburg JG (1999) In search of the true sentinel node by different injection techniques in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 25:347–351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kim SC, Kim DW, Moadel RM et al (2005) Using the intraoperative hand held probe without lymphoscintigraphy or using only dye correlates with higher sensory morbidity following sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: a review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 3:64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Brenot-Rossi I, Houvenaeghel G, Jacquemier J et al (2003) Non-visualization of axillary sentinel node during lymphoscintigraphy: is there a pathologic significance in breast cancer? J Nucl Med 44:1232–1237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Van Rijk MC, Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE et al (2006) Clinical implications of sentinel nodes outside the axilla and internal mammary chain in patients with breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 94:281–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Zak O et al (2007) Improved sentinel node identification by SPECT/CT in overweight patients with breast cancer. J Nucl Med 48:201–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ibusuki M, Yamamoto Y, Kawasoe T et al (2010) Potential advantage of preoperative three-dimensional mapping of sentinel nodes in breast cancer by a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/ CT system. Surg Oncol 19:88–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Van der Ploeg IM, Nieweg OE, Kroon BB et al (2009) The yield of SPECT/CT for anatomical lymphatic mapping in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:903–909.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vermeeren L, van der Ploeg IM, Olmos RA et al (2010) SPECT/CT for preoperative sentinel node localization. J Surg Oncol 101:184–1190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Martin RC 2nd Edwards MJ, Wong SL et al (2000) Practical guidelines for optimal gamma probe detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: results of a multi-institutional study. For the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group. Surgery 128:139–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Manca G, Romanini A, Pellegrino D et al (2008) Optimal detection of sentinel lymph node metastases by intraoperative radioactive threshold and molecular analysis in patients with melanoma. J Nucl Med 49:1769–1775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wendler T, Herrmann K, Schnelzer A et al (2010) First demonstration of 3-D lymphatic mapping in breast cancer using freehand SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:1452–1461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Van der Poel HG Buckle T, Brouwer OR et al (2011) Intraoperative laparoscopic fluorescence guidance to the sentinel lymph node in prostate cancer patients: clinical proof of concept of an integrated functional imaging approach using a multimodal tracer. Eur Urol 60:826–833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Keereweer S. Kerrebijn JD, van Driel PB et al (2011) Optical image-guided surgery-where do we stand? Mol Imaging Biol 13:199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Stefanik D, Goldberg R, Byrne P et al (1985) Local-regional failure in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer J Clin Oncol 3:660–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Buzdar AU McNeese MD, Hortobagyi GN et al (1990) Is chemotherapy effective in reducing the local failure rate in patients with operable breast cancer? Cancer 65:394–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Galper S, Recht A, Silver B et al (1999) Factors associated with regional nodal failure in patients with early stage breast cancer with 0–3. positive axillary nodes following tangential irradiation alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45:1157–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Recht A, Gray R, Davidson NE et al (1999) Locoregional failure 10. years after mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen without irradiation: experience of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 17:1689–1700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J et al (1997) postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N Engl J Med 337:949–955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Højris I, Overgaard M, Christensen JJ, Overgaard J (1999) Morbidity and mortality of ischaemic heart disease in high-risk breast-cancer patients after adjuvant postmastectomy systemic treatment with or without radiotherapy: analysis of DBCG 82b and 82c randomised trials. Radiotherapy Committee of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Lancet 354:1425–1430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ et al (2005) Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the British Columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:116–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S et al (2005) Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Lancet 366:2087–2106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kroman N, Wohlfahrt J, Mouridsen HT et al (2003) Influence of tumor location on breast cancer prognosis. Int J Cancer 105:542–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lohrisch C, Jackson J, Jones A et al (2000) Relationship between tumor location and relapse in 6,781. women with early invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:2828–2835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zucali R, Mariani L, Marubini E et al (1998) Early breast cancer: evaluation of the prognostic role of the site of the primary tumor. J Clin Oncol 16:1363–1366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gaffney DK, Lee CM, Leavitt DD et al (2003) Electron arc irradiation of the postmastectomy chest wall in locally recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:241–246.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Peruzzotti G et al (2005) Size of breast cancer metastases in axillary lymph nodes: clinical relevance of minimal lymph node involvement. J Clin Oncol 23:1379–1389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sarp S, Fioretta G, Verkooijen HM et al (2007) Tumor location of the lower-inner quadrant is associated with an impaired survival for women with early-stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 14:1031–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tuttle TM, Zogakis TG, Dunst CM et al (2002) A review of technical aspects of sentinel lymph node identification for breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 195:261–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Klauber-DeMore N, Bevilacqua JL, Van Zee KJ et al (2001) Comprehensive review of the management of internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 193:547–555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Paredes P, Vidal-Sicart S, Zanón G et al (2005) Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes in the internal mammary chain in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:1283–1287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Park C, Seid P, Morita E (2005) Internal mammary sentinel lymph node mapping for invasive breast cancer: implications for staging and treatment. Breast J 11:29–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Benda RK, Cendan JC, Copeland EM et al (2004) Should decisions on internal mammary lymph node irradiation be based on current lymphoscintigraphy techniques for sentinel lymph node identification? Cancer 100:518–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shimazu K. Tamaki Y, Taguchi T et al (2003) Lymphoscintigraphic visualization of internal mammary nodes with subtumoral injection of radiocolloid in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg 237:390–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Trifirò G et al (2002) Internal mammary node lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy in breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med 46:138–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Farrús B, Vidal-Sicart S, Velasco M et al (2004) Incidence of internal mammary node metastases after a sentinel lymph node technique in breast cancer and its implication in the radiotherapy plan. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60:715–721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Madsen E, Gobardhan P, Bongers V et al (2007) The impact on post-surgical treatment of sentinel lymph node biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 14:1486–1492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Estourgie SH, Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE et al (2003) Should the hunt for internal mammary chain sentinel nodes begin? An evaluation of 150. breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 10:935–941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Carcoforo P, Sortini D, Feggi L et al (2006) Clinical and therapeutic importance of sentinel node biopsy of the internal mammary chain in patients with breast cancer: a single-center study with long-term follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol 13:1338–1343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lamonica D, Edge SB, Hurd T et al (2003) Mammographic and clinical predictors of drainage patterns in breast lymphoscintigrams obtained during sentinel node procedures. Clin Nucl Med 28:558–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Van der Ent FW, Kengen RA, van der Pol HA et al (2001) Halsted revisited: internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg 234:79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Byrd DR, Dunnwald LK, Mankoff DA et al (2001) Internal mammary lymph node drainage patterns in patients with breast cancer documented by breast lymphoscintigraphy. Ann Surg Oncol 8:234–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Shahar KH, Buchholz TA, Delpassand E et al (2005) Lower and central tumor location correlates with lymphoscintigraphy drainage to the internal mammary lymph nodes in breast carcinoma. Cancer 103:1323–1329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Krynyckyi BR, Chun H, Kim HH et al (2003) Factors affecting visualization rates of internal mammary sentinel nodes during lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 44:1387–1393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Leppänen E, Leidenius M, Krogerus L, von Smitten K (2002) The effect of patient and tumour characteristics on visualization of sentinel nodes after a single intratumoural injection of Tc 99m labelled human albumin colloid in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 28:821–826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdés Olmos RA et al (2002) Impact of non-axillary sentinel node biopsy on staging and treatment of breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 87:705–710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dupont E, Cox CE, Nguyen K et al (2001) Utility of internal mammary lymph node removal when noted by intraoperative gamma probe detection. Ann Surg Oncol 8:833–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G et al (2010) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg 251:595–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Veronesi U, Galimberti V, Mariani L et al (2005) Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: early results in 953. patients with negative sentinel node biopsy and no axillary dissection. Eur J Cancer 41:231–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Zavagno G, De Salvo GL, Scalco G et al (2008) A randomized clinical trial on sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer: results of the Sentinella/GIVOM trial. Ann Surg 247:207–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kell MR, Burke JP, Barry M et al (2010) Outcome of axillary staging in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120:441–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. McMasters KM, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ et al (2000) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. J Clin Oncol 18:2560–2566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gill G, SNAC Trial Group of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) and NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre (2009) Sentinel-lymph-node-based management or routine axillary clearance? One-year outcomes of sentinel node biopsy versus axillary clearance (SNAC): a randomized controlled surgical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 16:266–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Goyal A, Newcombe RG, Chhabra A, ALMANAC Trialists Group et al (2006) Factors affecting failed localisation and false-negative rates of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: results of the ALMANAC validation phase. Breast Cancer Res Treat 99:203–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Bleiweiss IJ (2006) Sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer after 10. years: rethinking basic principles. Lancet Oncol 7:686–692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Johnson MT, Guidroz JA, Smith BJ et al (2009) A single institutional experience of factors affecting successful identification of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients. Surgery 146:671–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bourgeois P, Nogaret JM, Veys I et al (2008) Isotope labelling and axillary node harvesting strategies for breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 34:615–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wernicke AG, Goodman RL, Turner BC et al (2011) A 10-year F/U of treatment outcomes in patients with early stage breast cancer and clinically negative axillary nodes treated with tangential breast irradiation following sentinel lymph node dissection or axillary clearance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 125:893–902.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kapoor NS, Sim MS, Lin J et al (2012) Long-term outcome of patients managed with sentinel lymph node biopsy alone for nodenegative invasive breast cancer. Arch Surg (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Hunt KK, Ballman KV, McCall LM et al (2012) Factors associated with local-regional recurrence following a negative sentinel node dissection: results of the ACOSOG Z0010. trial. Ann Surg (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M et al (2011) Axillary dissection vs. no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis — a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 305:569–575, comment 606-607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Fisher B, Redmond C, Fisher ER et al (1985) Ten-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing radical mastectomy and total mastectomy with or without radiation. N Engl J Med 312:674–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Goldhirsch A. Ingle JN, Gelber RD et al (2009) Thresholds for therapies: highlights of the St Gallen International expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2009. Ann Oncol 20:1219–1229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Kaufmann M, Morrow M, von Minckwitz G et al (2010) Locoregional treatment of primary breast cancer. Cancer 116:1184–1191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Rodriguez-Fernandez J, Martella S, Trifirò G et al (2009) Sentinel node biopsy in patients with previous breast aesthetic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 16:989–992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Taback B, Nguyen P, Hansen N et al (2006) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for local recurrence of breast cancer after breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 13:1099–1104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kumar R, Jana S, Heiba SI et al (2003) Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal, multicentric, palpable, or nonpalpable breast cancer. J Nucl Med 44:7–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Klimberg VS, Rubio IT, Henry R et al (1999) Subareolar versus peritumoral injection for location of the sentinel lymph node. Ann Surg 229:860–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Nieweg OE, Estourgie SH, van Rijk MC et al (2004) Rationale for superficial injection techniques in lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 87:153–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Knauer M, Konstantiniuk P, Haid A et al (2006) Multicentric breast cancer: a new indication for sentinel node biopsy — a multiinstitutional validation study. J Clin Oncol 24:3374–3380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Giard S, Chauvet MP, Penel N et al (2010) Feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in multiple unilateral synchronous breast cancer: results of a French prospective multi-institutional study (IGASSU 0502). Ann Oncol 21:1630–1635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Veronesi U, Gentilini O, Fernandez JR et al (2009) Breast conservation and sentinel lymph node after neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Breast 18:590–592.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Mamounas EP, Brown A, Anderson S et al (2005) Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27. J Clin Oncol 23:2694–2702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Piñiero A, Giménez J, Vidal-Sicart S et al (2010) Selective sentinel lymph node biopsy and primary systemic therapy in breast cancer. Tumori 96:17–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Gentilini O, Cremonesi M, Toesca A et al (2010) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in pregnant patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:78–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Khera SY, Kiluk JV, Hasson DM et al (2008) Pregnancy-associated breast cancer patients can safely undergo lymphatic mapping. Breast J 14:250–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gianpiero Manca .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manca, G. et al. (2013). Preoperative and Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping for Radioguided Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer. In: Mariani, G., Manca, G., Orsini, F., Vidal-Sicart, S., Valdés Olmos, R.A. (eds) Atlas of Lymphoscintigraphy and Sentinel Node Mapping. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2766-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2766-4_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2765-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2766-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics