Riassunto
Negli ultimi tre decenni si è verificato un consistente incremento del numero di procedure radiologiche effettuate in sanità. Il ricorso sempre più frequente e sistematico alle tecniche di diagnostica per immagini ha fatto sì che queste abbiano assunto il ruolo di strumento indispensabile per definire il corretto percorso terapeutico dei pazienti. Oggi le diverse metodiche di imaging radiologico (radiologia, ecografia, risonanza magnetica e medicina nucleare) producono oltre 5 miliardi di esami all’anno e questo numero è probabilmente destinato a crescere ulteriormente nel prossimo futuro. Mentre l’ecografia e la risonanza magnetica non impiegano radiazioni ionizzanti e sono quindi generalmente ritenute innocue, la radiologia e la medicina nucleare sono basate su energie ionizzanti, che pertanto comportano rischi per i pazienti. Sono proprio queste ultime ad aver registrato il maggior incremento e la sola tomografia computerizzata (TC) arriva attualmente a erogare oltre il 65% della dose radiante prodotta da attività mediche [1]. Mentre negli ultimi trent’anni l’esposizione alle radiazioni ambientali — quali raggi cosmici e radon — è rimasta sostanzialmente invariata, abbiamo invece assistito a un aumento dell’esposizione dovuta a procedure mediche intorno al 600%, che oggirappresentano circa il 50% dell’esposizione totale, contro il 15% degli anni Ottanta [2].
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Paolicchi, F., Faggioni, L., Caramella, D. (2012). La dose radiante e l’appropriatezza dell’imaging. In: Caramella, D., Paolicchi, F., Faggioni, L. (eds) La dose al paziente in diagnostica per immagini. Imaging & Formazione. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2649-0_1
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