Riassunto
La presenza di disturbi cognitivi nei pazienti con SM era stata già individuata da Charcot, come si può dedurre dalle sue descrizioni dellamalattia risalenti al 1877 [1]. Dopo un lungo periodo, in cui tali disturbi non hanno ricevuto la giusta attenzione dalla maggior parte degli autori, negli ultimi 30 anni sono stati fatti notevoli progressi nella comprensione delle loro caratteristiche quantitative e qualitative. Dati sulla frequenza dei disturbi cognitivi sono estremamente variabili e dipendono dalle metodologie utilizzate e dal tipo di pazienti esaminati. Secondo gli studi metodologicamente più corretti circa il 45-65% dei pazienti con SM mostra disfunzioni cognitive di una certa entità [2–6]. Si va da disturbi selettivi di specifiche funzioni sino a una compromissione grave e diffusa.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Refrences
Charcot JM (1877) Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system delivered at the Salpêtrière. London
Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology 41:685–691
Rao SM (1995) Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis. Curr Op Neurol 8:216–220
Fischer JS (2001) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. In: Cook SD (ed) Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York
Bobholz JA, Rao SM (2003) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a review of recent developments. Curr Opin Neurol 16:283–288
Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio E (2006) Multiple sclerosis-related cognitive changes: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. J Neurol Sci 25:41–46
Rao SM, Leo GJ, Ellington L et al (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning. Neurology 41:692–696
Kesserling J, Klement U (2001) Cognitive and affective disturbances in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 248:180–183
Amato MP, Ponziani G, Siracusa G, Sorbi S (2001) Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Arch Neurol 58:1602–1606
Huijbregts SCJ, Kalkers NF, de Sonneville LMJ et al (2004) Differences in cognitive impairment of relapsing remitting, secondary, and primary progressive MS. Neurology 63:335–339
Wachowius U, Talley M, Silver N et al (2005) Cognitive impairment in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 27:65–77
Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444–1452
Nocentini U, Pasqualetti P, Bonavita S et al (2006) Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12:77–87
Polman CH, Rudick RA (2010) The multiple sclerosis functional composite: a clinically meaningful measure of disability. Neurology 74(Suppl 3):S8–S15
Parmenter BA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Garg N et al (2007) Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol digit Modalities Test. Mult Scler 13:52–57
Benedict RH, Duquin JA, Jurgensen S et al (2008) Repeated assessment of neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the MS Neurospychological Screening Questionnaire. Mult Scler 14:940–946
Drake AS, Weinstock-Guttman B, Morrow SA et al (2010) Psychometric and normative data for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: replacing the PASAT with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Mult Scler 16:228–237
Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Mitchell DR, Seward J et al (1992) Neuropsychological and structural brain lesions in multiple sclerosis: a regional analysis. Neurology 42:1291–1295
Arnett PA, Rao SM, Bernardin L et al (1994) Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 44:420–425
Nocentini U, Rossini PM, Carlesimo GA et al (2001) Patterns of cognitive impairment in secondary progressive stable phase of multiple sclerosis: correlation with MRI findings. Eur Neurol 45:11–18
Edwards SG, Liu C, Blumhardt LD (2001) Cognitive correlates of supratentorial atrophy on MRI in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuro Scand 104:214–223
Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 7:1139–1151
Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ (1974) Working memory. In: Bower AG (ed) The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. Academic Press, New York, pp 47–90
Rao SM, St. Aubin-Faubert P, Leo GJ (1989) Information processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Experim Neuropsychol 11:471–477
Demaree HA, De Luca J, Gaudino EA et al (1999) Speed of information processing as a key deficit in multiple sclerosis: implications for rehabilitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:661–663
Janculjak D, Mubrin Z, Brinar V et al (2002) Changes of attention and memory in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 104:221–227
Penner IK, Raush M, Kappos L et al (2003) Analysis of impairment related functional architecture in MS patients during performance of different attention tasks. J Neurol 250:461–472
DeLuca J, Chelune GJ, Tulsky DS et al (2004) Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26:550–562
Gronwall DM (1977) Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills 44:367–373
Dujardin K, Donze AC, Hautecoeur P (1998) Attention impairment in recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 5:61–66
Baddeley AD (1990) Human Memory: theory and practice. Lawrence Earlbaum Ass, London
Graf P, Schacter D (1985) Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic patients. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 11:501–518
Litvan I, Grafman J, Vendrell P et al (1988) Multiple memory deficit in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 45:607–610
Grigsby J, Ayarbe SD, Kravcisin N et al (1994) Working memory impairment among persons with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 241:125–131
Beatty WW, Monson N (1991) Metamemory in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16:640–646
Beatty WW, Goodkin DE, Monson N et al (1989) Cognitive disturbances in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 46:1113–1119
Jennekens-Schinkel A, van der Velde EA, Sanders EA et al (1990) Memory and learning in outpatients with quiescent multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 95:311–325
Rao SM, Leo GJ, St Aubin-Faubert P (1989) On the nature of memory disturbance in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 11:699–712
De Luca J, Barbieri-Berger S, Johnson SK (1994) The nature of memory impairments in Multiple Sclerosis: acquisition versus retrievial. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16:183–189
De Luca J, Gaudino EA, Diamond BJ et al (1998) Acquisition and storage deficits in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 20:376–390
Thornton AE, Raz N (1997) Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology 11:357–366
Seinelä A, Hämäläinen P, Koivisto M et al (2002) Conscious and unconscious uses of memory in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 198:79–85
Lezak M (1995) Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Spreen O, Strauss E (1998) A compendium of neuropsychological tests. Administration, norms and commentary. Oxford University Press, New York
Pearson OA, Stewart KD, Aremberg D (1957) Impairment of abstracting ability in multiple sclerosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 125:221–225
Beatty PA, Gange JJ (1977) Neuropsychological aspects of Multiple Sclerosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 164:42–50
Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Thompson DS et al (1985) Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 53:103–110
Foong J, Rozewicz L, Quaghebeur G et al (1997) Executive function in multiple sclerosis. The role of frontal lobe pathology. Brain 120:15–26
Rao SM, Hammeke TA, Speech TJ (1987) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:263–265
Birnboim S, Miller A (2004) Cognitive strategies application of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 10:67–73
Drew M, Tippett LJ, Starkey NJ, Isler RB (2008) Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a large community-based sample with multiple sclerosis form New Zealand: a descriptive study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23:1–19
Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A et al (2000) Visuoperceptual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients diagnosed with neuropsychological tasks. Mult Scler 6:241–254.
Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A et al (2001) Visuoperceptual impairment in MS patients: nature and possible neural origins. Mult Scler 7:389–401
Kujala R, Portin R, Ruutiainen J (1996) Language function in incipient cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 141:79–86
Friend KB, Rabin BM, Groninger L et al (1999) Language functions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropsychol 13:78–94
Friedman JH, Brem H, Mayeux R (1983) Global aphasia in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 13:222–223
Achiron A, Ziv I, Djaldetti R et al (1992) Aphasia in multiple sclerosis: clinical and radiologic correlations. Neurology 42:2195–2197
Arnett PA, Rao SM, Hussain M et al (1996) Conduction aphasia in multiple sclerosis: a case report with MRI findings. Neurology 47:576–578
Jonsdottir MK, Magnusson T, Kjartansson O (1998) Pure alexia and word-meaning deafness in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 55:1473–1474
Grossman M, Robinson KM, Onishi K et al (1995) Sentence comprehension in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 92:324–331
Henry JD, Beatty WW (2006) Verbal fluency deficits in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychologia 44:1166–1174
Ryan JJ, Prifitera A, Larsen J (1982) Reliability of the WAIS-R with a mixed patient sample. Percept Mot Skills 55:1277–1278
Ron MA, Callanan MM, Warrington EK (1991) Cognitive abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: a psychometric and MRI study. Psychol Med 21:59–68
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) “Mini Mental State”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198
Beatty WW, Goodkin DE (1990) Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. An evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Neurol 47:297–301
Beatty WW, Paul RH, Wilbanks SL et al (1995) Identifying multiple sclerosis with mild or global cognitive impairment using the Screening Examination for Cognitive Impairment (SEFCI). Neurology 45:718–723
Rao SM (1990) Cognitive Function Study Group. A manual for the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York
Solari A, Mancuso L, Motta A et al (2002) Comparison of two brief neuropsychological batteries in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 8:169–176
Randolph C (1998) Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsycholological status. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
Aupperle RL, Beatty WW, Shelton F de Nap et al (2002) Three screening batteries to detect cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 8:382–389
Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G and the Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery (1996) The Mental Deterioration Battery: normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. Eur Neurol 36:378–384
Nelson HE (1976) A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex 12:313–324
Smith A (2000) Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Manual. Webster Psychological Services, Los Angeles
Nocentini U, Giordano A, Di Vincenzo S et al (2006) The Symbol Digit Modalities Test-Oral version: Italian normative data. Funct Neurol 21:93–96
Benedict RH, Fischer JS, Archibald CJ et al (2002) Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach. Clin Neuropsychol 16:381–397
Salmon DP, Filoteo JV (2007) Neuropsychology of cortical versus subcortical dementia syndromes. Semin Neurol 27:7–21
Moller A, Wiedemann G, Rohde U et al (1994) Correlates of cognitive impairment and depressive mood disorder in multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89:117–121
Arnett PA, Higginson CI, Voss WD et al (1999). Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to working memory capacity. Neuropsychology 13:546–556
Arnett PA, Higginson CI, Randolph JJ (2001) Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to planning ability. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 7:665–674
Diamond BJ, Johnson SK, Kaufman M et al (2008) Relationships between information processing, depression, fatigue and cognition in multiple sclerosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23:189–199
Figved N, Benedict R, Klevan G et al (2008) Relationship of cognitive impairment to psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:1084–1090
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nocentini, U., Romano, S., Caltagirone, C. (2011). I deficit cognitivi nella sclerosi multipla. In: Nocentini, U., Caltagirone, C., Tedeschi, G. (eds) I disturbi neuropsichiatrici nella sclerosi multipla. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1711-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1711-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1710-8
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1711-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)